Kitab-ı Mukaddes’te ve Liturjide Mür ve Bizans Tasvir Sanatında Myrophoroi/Mür Taşıyan Kadınlar

Bu çalışma, iki ana başlık altında incelenmiştir. İlk bölümde liturjik bir buhur bitkisi olan mürün, tarihi süreç içerisinde çeşitli inançlarda yeri irdelenmiştir. Bu bölümde daha çok Kitab-ı Mukaddes’te mürün yeri üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde ise Bizans resim sanatı içerisinden seçilen önemli örnekler, kendi içlerinde karşılaştırılmış ve liturjinin sahne üzerindeki etkisi aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. En erken örnekleri 3. yüzyıla kadar uzanan Mür Taşıyan Kadınlar sahnesi gerek Bizans ve gerekse Hıristiyan sanatı içerisinde oldukça önemli bir yere sahip olmuştur. Sanatın her alanında karşımıza çıkan sahne, liturjik olarak da önemli bir yere sahiptir. Vaftiz liturjisi ile dolaylı olarak kurulan bağlantı ile, sahne kilise resim programı içerisinde hem naratif hem de liturjik etki amaçlı düzenlenmiştir. Böylece kadın figürünün Hıristiyan sanatı içerisinde önemli bir yer edinmesini de sağlamıştır. Diğer taraftan kilise içerisinde, dekoneslik görevinin ortaya çıkmasında mür etkin rol oynamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Mür, Myrophoroi, Meryemler, Kitab-ı Mukaddes

PDF

___

Altun, İ., F. (2020). “Kapadokya Kaya Kiliselerinde Buhurdan Tasvirleri”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 37(1), 116-135.
Ataç, N. (2015). “Kappadokia’da Kapalı Yunan Haçı Planlı Kiliselerde Apsis, Doğu Haç Kolu ve Köşe Mekanları Resim Programı”. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Atchley, E. G. C. F. (1909). A History of the Use of Incense in Divine Worship. London: Longmans.
Bender, A., P. (1895). “Beliefs, Rites, and Customs of the Jews, Connected with Death, Burial, and Mourning. (As Illustrated by the Bible and Later Jewish Literature)”. The Jewish Quarterly Review 7(2), 259-269.
Ben-Yehoshua, S., Borowitz, C., Hanus, L. (2012). “Frankincense, Myrrh, and Balm of Gilead: Ancient Spices of Southern Arabia and Judea”, Horticultural Reviews 39, 1-79.
Biddle, M. (1999). The Tomb of Christ. Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd.
Brubaker, L. (2008). Vision and Meaning in Ninth-Century Byzantium. Images as Exegesis in the Homilies of Gregory of Naziansus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chang, H., Scott, H. (2017). “Scents, Community, and Incense in Traditional Chinese Religion”. Material Religion 13(2), 156-174.
Christian, R. (2019). “Isabel, House, Church, or Neither? The Dura-Europos House Church as Christian Place and Christian Initiation Centre”. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), University of Calgary, Calgary.
Cooper, E. Michie, C. A. (1991). “Frankincense and Myrrh as Remedies in Children”. J. R. Soc. Med. Volume 84, 602–605.
Corrigan K. (1992): Visual Polemics in the Ninth-Century Byzantine Psalters, Cambridge.
Classen, C. (1994). Aroma: The Cultural History of Smell. New York: Routledge.
The Diatessaron of Tatian (t.y.). Philip Schaff http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf09.html
El Ashry, El S., Salama, H. R., Osama, M., Saleh, A. (2003). “Components, therapeutic value and uses of Myrrh”. Pharmazie, 58, 163-168.
El-Amin, A., Maksoud, G. (2011). “A Review on the Materials Used During the Mummification Processes in Ancient Egypt”. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 11(2), 129-150.
Evangelatou, M. (2002). “The Illustration of the Ninth-Century Byzantine Marginal Psalters: Layers of Meaning and Their Sources”. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), University of London, Courtauld Institute of Art, London.
Evans, S. (2002). “The Scent of a Martyr”, Numen, 49(2), 193–211.
Grabar, A. (1953). The Great Centuries of Painting. Byzantine Painting. A. Skira (ed.). S. Gilbert (trans.). Cleveland: The World Publishing Company.
Grabar, A. (1956). “La fresque des saintes femmes au tombeau à Doura”. Cahiers Archéologiques, 8, 9-26.
Grabar, A. (1980-81). “Sur Plusieurs Images Insolites du Christ Dans le Psautier Chloudov”. ΔΧΑΕ, IV (10), 11-16.
Grabar, A. (1984). L’Iconoclasme Byzantine, Le Dossier Archéologique Paris (2nd ed.). Paris: College de France.
Harley, F. (2006). The Narration of Christ’s Passion in Early Christian Art. Byzantine Narrative in Honour of Roger Scott. (Ed.). J., Burke, U., Betka, P., Buckley, K. Hay, R., Scott, A., Stephenson. Melbourne: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies.
Hughes, K. (2007). The Incense Bible: Plant Scents That Transcend World Culture, Medicine, and Spirituality. New York: Haworth Press.
Baeten, J., Challe, S., Deforce, K., Degryse, P., De Vos, D. (2014). « Holy Smoke in Medieval Funerary Rites: Chemical Fingerprints of Frankincense in Southern Belgian Incense Burners”. PLoS ONE 9(11) : e113142. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113142
Jolivet-Lévy, C. (1991). Les Eglises Byzantines de Cappadoce : le programme iconographique de l‟abside et de ses abords Paris : Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Presses du CNRS.
Karnas, V., A. (2016). “The Liturgical Function of Consecrated Women in the Byzantine Church”, Women Deacons? Essays with Answers (Ed. Phyllis Zagano), Minnesota: Liturgical Press. 168-190.
Kartsonis A. (1986). Anastasis, The Making of an Image, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kenna, M., E. (2005). “Why does incense smell religious? The anthropology of smell meets Greek Orthodoxy”. Journal of Mediterranean Studies, 15(1), 1-21.
Konis, P. (2006). “The Post-Resurrection Appearances of Christ. The case of the Chairete or ‘All Hail’”, Rosetta 1, 31-40.
Konis, P. (2008). From the Resurrection to the Ascension: Christ’s Post-Resurrection Appearances in Byzantine Art (3rd – 12th c.), Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). College of Arts and Law, The University of Birmingham. Birmingham.
Kraeling, C., H. (1967). “The Excavations at Dura-Europos. Final Report VIII. Part II”, The Christian Building. New York: J. Augustin Publisher.
Lafontaine-Dosogne, J. (1963). “Nouvelles notes Cappadociennes”, Byzantion, 33, 121-183.
Lindblom, J. (2019). Women and Public Space Social Codes and Female Presence in the Byzantine Urban Society of the 6th to the 8th Centuries. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Helsinki University, Helsinki.
Matéos, J. (1963). Le typicon de la Grande Église, t. II. Le cycle des fêtes mobiles 166-167. Rome : Edizioni Orientalia Christian.
Millet, G. (1960). Recherches sur l‟Iconographie de l‟Evangile. Paris : E. De Boccard.
Moeran, B. (2009). “Making Scents of Smell: Manufacturing and Consuming Incense in Japan”. Human Organization, 68(4), 439–450.
Musselman, L., J. (2007). Figs, Dates, Laurel, and Myrrh, Plants of the Bible and the Quran. Portland: Timber Press.
Nemu, D. (2019). “Getting high with the most high: Entheogens in the Old Testament”, Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 3(2), 117–132.
Ousterhout, R. (2013). “Women at Tombs: Narrative, Theatricality, and the Contemplative mode. Wonderful Things”, Byzantium Through its Art Papers from the forty Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, London, 20–22 march 2009. (Ed. Anthony Eastmond, Liz James), Asghgate. 229-246.
Peppard, M. (2012). “Illuminating the Dura-Europos Baptistery: Comparanda for the Female Figures”. Journal of Early Christian Studies, 20(4). 543-574.
Peppard, M. (2016). The World’s Oldest Church Bible, Art, and Ritual at Dura- Europos, Syria. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Potočnik, M. (2017). A History of Death and Funeral Rites: A Case Study of the Ga In Jamestown (Ghana). (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). University of Ghana, Ghana.
Restle, M. (1967). Byzantine Wall Paintings in Asia Minor 3 vol. Recklinghausen: A. Bongers.
Merrill F., Unger, M. F. (1988). “Incense,” The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary, rev. ed., ed. R. K. Harrison Chicago: Moody Press.
Velmans, T. (1971). Le Tétraévangile de la Laurentienne, Florence Laur. VI. 23 (Bibliothèque des Cahiers archéologiques VI). Paris: Klincksieck.
Volbach W. F. (1952): Elfenbeinarbeiten der Spätantike und des frühen Mittelalters, Römisches-Germanisches Zentralmuseum zu Mainz, Forschungsinstitut Für Vor-und Frühgeschichte Altertümer 7, Mainz
Weitzmann K. (1966). ‘Eine vorikonoklastische Ikone des Sinai mit der Darstellung des Chairete’, Tortulae: Studien zu altchristlichen und byzantinischen Monumenten (Römische Quartalschrift 30, Supplement), 317-325.
Wilkinson J. (1972): ‘The Tomb of Christ, An Outline of its Structural History’, Levant 4, 83-97.
Wood, H. (2009). Byzantine women: Religion and Gender Construction. Rosetta 7(5). 19-32. http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue7supp/byzantine-women/
İnternet Kaynakları The Online Bible College, Discovering Jesus Course 42, Gold, Incense and Myrrh www.online-bible-college.com, 2001.
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8099-incense
https://artidecorative.milanocastello.it/en/content/marys-sepulchre
http://teca.bmlonline.it/ImageViewer/servlet/ImageViewer?idr=TECA0000025956&keyworks=Plut.01.56#page/36/mode/2up
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84522082/f74.item