Artan “Gurbetçi Girişimci” Eğilimi: Öteden Beri Var Olan Etnik Girişimci Teorileri Açısından Bir Başağrısı Mı?

Girişimcilik ve göç ile ilgili yapılan çalışmaların büyük bir çoğunluğu “Güneyden Kuzeye” göç eden girişimciler üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu demografik özellik literatürde genellikle “etnik girişimciler” (Waldinger vd., 1990) veya “göçmen girişimciler” (Volery, 2007) olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Son dönemlerde ise yeni bir olgu ortaya çıkmıştır: Buna göre göçmen girişimcilerin az sayıda da olsa potansiyel olarak önemli bir bölümü gelişmiş ülkelerden göç etmektedir. Bu yeni göçmenler eski tür göçmenlerden farklı olarak zorunluluktan ziyade kendi istekleri ile girişimci olmaktadırlar (Vance vd., 2016). Bu yüzden bu yeni göçmenler için “Kendi iradesiyle göç eden girişimciler” (Andresen, 2014) veya “gurbetçi girişimciler / expat-preneurs” (Solimine, 2015) tabirleri kullanılmaktadır. Bu yükselen “expat-preneurs” akımı, etnik girişimcilik konusunda mevcut olan teoriler ile ilgili birkaç soru (sorun) ortaya koymaktadır: “Kendi iradesiyle göç eden girişimciler” teorik çerçevenin hangi alanına uymaktadır? Etnik girişimcilik için geliştirilen teoriler “expat-preneurs” davranışlarını açıklayabilir mi? Bu çalışmda en çok tanınan sekiz teori incelenmiş ve bu sekiz teorinin hepsinin “Güneyden Kuzeye” göç hareketleri çerçevesinde geliştirildiği ve bu teorilerin çoğunun göçmen girişimcilerin dezavantajlı oldukları varsayımına dayandığı tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla, var olan teorilerin çoğu -mevcut halleriyle- “kendi isteğiyle göç eden girişimcileri” de hesaba katacak kadar kapsamlı değildir. Bu yüzden mevcut etnik girişimcilik teorilerinin çoğunun “expat-preneurs” gibi bir olguya yer açmak için genişletilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışma çok fazla araştırılmamış bir olgu olan “Kendi isteğiyle göç eden girişimciler” konusu çerçevesinde ilgili literatürdeki boşluğa katkı sağlamaktadır (Andresen vd., 2014).

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Gurbetçi Girişimciler, Kendi İradesiyle Göç Eden Girişimciler, Etnik Girişimciler, Göçmen Girişimciler, Etnik Girişimcilik, Hayat Tarzının Göçü, İçiçe Geçmişlik

The Emerging Trend of ‘Expat-preneurs’: A Headache for the Pre-existing Ethnic Entrepreneur Theories

With regards to entrepreneurship and migration, the overwhelming majority of studies have focused on entrepreneurs within the context of ‘South to North’ migration. This demographic is usually referred to in the literature as “ethnic entrepreneurs” (Waldinger et al., 1990) or “immigrant entrepreneurs” (Volery, 2007). More recently, a new trend is emerging: A small (but potentially significant) number of entrepreneurial migrants are emigrating away from developed economies. Differentiated from the former in terms of becoming entrepreneurs out of volition, and not necessity (Vance et al., 2016), these migrants have been labelled as “Self Initiated Expatriate entrepreneurs” (Andresen, 2014) or “expat-preneurs” (Solimine, 2015). The emerging trend of expat-preneurs poses several questions (and problems) for the existing theories surrounding ethnic entrepreneurs: Where do expat-preneurs fit into the theoretical landscape? Can the theories - created to account for ethnic entrepreneurs - also explain the behavior of expat-preneurs? This paper reviewed eight of the most prominent theories and found that all eight were created in the context of ‘South to North’ migration, with many of them assuming that immigrant entrepreneurs are disadvantaged. As a result, most of the theories are not - in their current state - broad enough to also account for expat-preneurs. Subsequently, most of the existing ethnic entrepreneur theories now need to be broadened to ‘make room’ for the phenomenon of expat-preneurs. This paper contributes to the gap in the literature surrounding expat-preneurs, which has been described as an an under-researched phenomenon (Andresen et al., 2014).

Keywords:

Expat-preneurs, Self-initiated Expat Entrepreneurs, Ethnic Entrepreneurs, Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Ethnic Entrepreneurship, Lifestyle Migration, Mixed-embeddedness,

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