Güveni Nasıl Tanımlayabiliriz? Ya Da Sosyal Bilimlerin Konusu Olarak Güven

Öz. Güven duygusu, toplumsal ilişkilerin temelinde bulunan önemli bir rezervdir. Gündelik yaşamımızda, hayatımızın büyük dönemeçlerinde, zor zamanlarda ve daha birçok olağan ve olağanüstü durumlarda güven, sosyal ilişkileri düzenleyen temel belirleyici bir güç haline gelebilmektedir. Güven konusu, bazı felsefecilerin veya düşünürlerin kısmen ilgilenmesinin dışında, yaklaşık yarım asırdan bu yana sosyoloji, psikoloji, siyaset bilimi ve ekonomi gibi bazı disiplinlerin ilgisine mazhar olmuştur. Ayrıca güven konusu Avrupa ve Amerika’da sosyal bilimlerin önemli bir konusu haline gelmiş ve güven ile ilgili geniş bir literatür oluşmuştur. Güven kavramına ilişkin çeşitli disiplinlerde zengin bir bilimsel birikim oluşsa da, güvenin tanımı konusunda güven teorisyenlerinin üzerinde mutabık kaldığı bir tanım bulunmamaktadır. Sosyal bilimlerde yapısal ve işlevsel nitelikleriyle ele alınan ve daha çok farkındalık düzeyimizin artmasına neden olan güven, esasen kişilerin birbirleriyle kurduğu her tür ilişkilerin merkezinde yer almaktadır. Kaldı ki insan, her şeye güvenebilir. Canlı olmayan nesneler, sistemler, kurumlar veya süreçler, kişinin güvendiği ya da güven duymadığı varlıklardır.Güvenin birçok çeşidinden söz etmek mümkündür. Bu çeşitlilik, güvenin var olduğu düşünülen ortamdaki durumuna, yoğunluğuna ve yönelişine göre değişmektedir. Bu çalışmada güvenin çeşitleri olan, sosyal güven, kısmi spesifik güven ve siyasal güven konularına değinilecektir. Sosyal güven, sosyal sistemin devamını sağlayan, kurumları ve sosyal yapıları koruma işlevi gören, sosyal bütünleşmeyi inşa eden, sosyal ve ekonomik değişimlere ve siyasal yaşama olan güveni tesis eden temel bir bileşendir. Kısacası sosyal güven, bir toplumsal yapının bütünleştirici gücü ve güçlü bir sosyalleştirme aracıdır. Bu bağlamda sosyal güven; farklı etnik, dini, sınıfsal, dilsel ve kültürel niteliklerin merkeze alınmayarak kişilerin, diğerlerini tanımasalar dahi, aynı toplumu paylaştığı insanlara güvenmesi şeklinde tanımlanabilir. Kısmi veya özelleştirilmiş güven particularized trust ise, yabancılara şüpheyle bakıldığı ve onlara güvenilmediği, kişinin sadece kendinden olanlara duyduğu güven olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Kısmi güvenin kapsamı; aileyi, arkadaşları, komşuları ve iş arkadaşlarını içerisine almaktadır. Çünkü bu kişiler, kişisel olarak yakinen tanıdığımız ve sağlam bağlara sahip olduğumuz insanlardır. Siyasal güven ise, bireyin siyasi lider, hükümet, siyasi kurumlar ve üretilen politikalar hakkında bilgi sahibi olmasıyla bu faktörlerin bireyin iç dünyasındaki karşılığına göre bir duygu üretme sürecidir. Bu süreç sonrasında bilgiyle beraber duygunun da eklenmesiyle bir yargıya ya da düşünceye dönüşür.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Güven, güven çeşitleri, sosyal güven, kısmi güven, siyasal güven

How Can We Define Trust? or Trust as the Subject of Social Sciences

The sense of trust is an important reserve on the basis of social relations. Trust can become a decisive force regulating social relations when in our everyday life, on the great turns of our lives, in difficult times and in many ordinary and extraordinary situations. Trust, outside the interest of some philosophers or thinkers, has been a topic of interest to some disciplines such as sociology, psychology, political science and economics since about half a century ago. In addition, trust has become an important topic of social science in Europe and America and ıt has emerged a wide range of literature on trust. Although there is a rich scientific accumulation in the various disciplines related to the concept of trust, there is no definition agreed by trust theorists about the definition of trust. In social sciences, trust, which is treated with structural and functional qualities and which leads to an increase in our level of awareness, is at the center of all kinds of relations that people establish with each other. Besides, people can trust everything. Persons do not trust or trust in non-living objects, systems, institutions, or processes. It is possible to talk about many kinds of trust. This diversity varies depending on the situation, density and direction of the area that is believed to exist. In this study, it will be addressed that the types of trust such as social trust, partial trust and political trust. Social trust is a fundamental component that provides the continuation of the social system, functions as an institution and protects social structures, builds social cohesion, establishes social and economic exchanges and confidence in political life. In short, social trust is the integrative power of a social structure and a powerful socialization tool. In this context, social trust; can be defined as the trust of people who share the same society, even if they do not recognize others, by not taking different ethnic, religious, class, linguistic and cultural qualities. Particularized trust is defined as the trust that one has in the person who is suspicious of strangers and who is only self. Particularized trust includes family, friends, neighbors and colleagues. Because these people are people we know personally and have strong ties. Political trust is the process by which an individual has knowledge of political leaders, governments, political institutions, and produced politics, and these factors generate emotion according to the individual's inner-world. After this process, it becomes a judgment or a thought by adding sensation together with knowledge

Keywords:

Trust, Types of trust, Social trust, Partial trust, Political trust,

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