Geçmişten günümüze çok dilli bir bölge: Hong Kong örneği

Hong Kong, 2017 yılı sayım sonuçlarına göre yedi milyonu aşan nüfusu ile Dünya’nın en kalabalık nüfus/yüzölçümü oranına sahip bölgelerinden biri konumundadır. 1842’den sonra yüz elli yıldan fazla bir süre İngilizlerin idaresi altında bulunan bölge, İngilizler tarafından bir üretim ve ticaret merkezi görevi görmüş ve bu anlamda Doğu’ya açılan bir liman konumunu taşımıştır. İngilizlerin bölgedeki hâkimiyetinin son bulmasından sonra koloni yönetiminden Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC)’ne nispeten sorunsuz bir şekilde teslim edilen bu bölgenin, eski yaşam biçimini sürdürmesi ise devletlerarası yapılan anlaşmalarla sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu anlamda ve muhtemelen koloni tarihi sebebiyle bölge: İngilizce ile eğitim, ana dilde eğitim ve çok dillilik gibi kavramların en iyi şekilde incelenebileceği; çok dilli eğitim alanında izlenen politika ve gelişmelerin rahatlıkla takip edilebileceği, muazzam genişlikte bir araştırma alanı sunduğu için önemlidir. Araştırmada, bu çok dilli yapının oluşmasını sağlayan olaylar ve nedenler üzerinde durulmuş, bölgede çok dilliliğin geçmişi ve özellikleri mercek altına alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, tarihsel bağlamı içerisinde Hong Kong’un Kantonca, Çince ve İngilizce ile olan ilişkisi incelenmiş, Hong Kong Sayım ve İstatistik Departmanı’nın özellikle 1931 yılından sonra bölgede kullanılan dillere dair yayımladığı resmi veriler üzerinden nitel araştırma yöntemleri ve betimsel istatistik bakış açısıyla analiz yapılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda bölgede, Hong Kong Eğitim Bürosu tarafından hedef olarak tayin edilen “iki dil okuryazar, üç dil konuşur” bir yapıya doğru gitmek adına gereken adımların atıldığı ve belli bir ivme ile bu hedefe doğru gidildiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Çok dillilik, Hong Kong, Hong Kong’un dil politikası, İngilizce

From the past to the present a multilingual region: the case of Hong Kong

According to the 2017 census results, Hong Kong has a population more than seven million and is one of the most populous regions in the World. Region came under the British rule after 1842, served as a center of production and trade for more than a hundred and fifty years and has been a port that opened to the East. British rule left behind a region, which was seamlessly handed over to the People's Republic of China. International agreements were made to ensure that after handover the region continued its old way of life. Possibly because of its collonial history, region is one of the best places to study concepts such as English medium of instruction, mother tongue instruction and multilingualism; and also important because it offers a vast area of study about the development of bilingual education and language policies. This study has been focused on the chain of events that led to the emergence and continued existence of Hong Kong's multilingual structure. In line with this aim, relations between Hong Kong and Cantonese, Chinese, and English were studied in historical context, the official data published after 1931 by Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department about language situation in the region have been analyzed from qualitative research and descriptive statistics perspectives. It has been concluded that the region has taken necessary steps to move toward a “bilitarete and trilingual” structure, which is a designated goal of Hong Kong Education Bureau, and has been moving towards that direction with sure steps.

Keywords:

Multilingualism, Hong Kong, language policy of Hong Kong, English,

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