Legio XVI Flavia firma centurio’nu C. Annius Maximus’un Çift Dilli Adağı

Makalede legio XVI Flavia firma’nın şimdiye kadar bilinmeyen bir centurion’u tarafından Güney Lyka-onia’da adanmış kırık bir sunak tanıtılmaktadır. Taş üzerine kazınan yazıt, Latince metinde Iuppi-ter Optimus Maximus, Yunanca metinde ise Zeus Sōtēr Megistos olarak geçen tanrıya yapılan çift dilli bir adağı içermektedir. Burada Zeus’in Sōtēr epitheton’u ile anılması ya adak sahibi Annius Maxi-mus’un bu sözcüğü Latince Optimus’un Yunanca karşılığı olarak yorumlamasıyla veya yerel olarak tapınım gören Zeus’e gösterilen özel bir hürmetle ya da her iki olasılıkla birden açıklanabilir. Maximus büyük olasılıkla İ.S. 2. yüzyılda bölgede asayişi temin etmek göreviyle yine büyük bir ihtimalle Samo-sata’tan görevlendirilmiş bir centurio regionarius idi. Söz konusu dönemde çok sayıda Roma askeri birliği sefer amacıyla Anadolu’dan geçtiğine göre, Maximus’a sefer halindeki birliklere lojistik destek sağlama ve organize etme görevleri de verilmiş olabilir. Onun Zeus Sōtēr Megistos için bir adakta bulunma kararı da üstlenmiş olması muhtemel çeşiti görevlerden dolayı sadece adı geçen tanrıyla değil, aynı zamanda yöre sakinleriyle de iyi ilişkiler kurmak ya da bunları geliştirmek amacı da taşımış olmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Centurio, legio XVI Flavia firma, Iuppiter, Zeus, Sōtēr, Lykaonia

Die bilinguale Weihung des C. Annius Maximus, centurio der legio XVI Flavia firma

The article presents a fragmentary altar dedicated in southern Lycaonia by a hitherto unknown centurion of legio XVI Flavia firma. The inscription incised on the stone is a bilingual dedication both to Iuppiter Optimus Maximus and to Zeus Sōtēr Megistos, the mention of Zeus as Sōtēr perhaps being a rendition in Greek of what Optimus meant for Maximus or a homage to a locally venerated Zeus or both at the same time. Maximus was presumably a centurio regionarius secon-ded from Samosata, most likely in the later second or third century CE, to discharge police and security tasks in that region. As said period saw numerous Roman ex-peditionary forces marching through Asia Minor, Maximus may also have been entrusted with logistical or organisational tasks to support the troops in transit. His decision to dedicate the altar also to Zeus Sōtēr Megistos may have been made with an eye to establishing or maintaining – possibly in view of his various responsibilities – good relations not only with said god(s) but also with the local population.

Keywords:

Centurio, legio XVI Flavia firma, Iuppiter, Zeus, Sōtēr, Lycaonia,

PDF

___

Adams, Bilingualism J. N. Adams, Bilingualism and the Latin Language, Cambridge 2003.
Aulock, Lykaonien H. v. Aulock, Münzen und Städte Lykaoniens, Tübingen 1976.
Belke – Restle, TIB 4 K. Belke – M. Restle, Tabula Imperii Byzantini IV: Galatien und Lykaonien, Wien 1984.
BMC, Lycaonia Catalogue of the Greek Coins in The British Museum: Lycaonia, Isauria, and Cili¬cia, hg. v. G. F. Hill, London 1900.
Bosch, Ankara E. Bosch, Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ankara im Altertum, Ankara 1967.
Brélaz, Sécurité C. Brélaz, La sécurité publique en Asie Mineure sous le Principat (Ier–IIIème s. ap. J.-C.). Institutions municipales et institutions impériales dans l’Orient ro-main, Basel 2005.
Bru, Pouvoir H. Bru, Le pouvoir impérial dans les provinces syriennes. Représentations et célé¬brations d’Auguste à Constantin (31 av. J.-C.–337 ap. J.-C.), Leiden/Bos-ton 2011.
Chaniotis, War A. Chaniotis, War in the Hellenistic World. A Social and Cultural History, Malden, MA 2005.
Chaniotis – Chiai 2007 A. Chaniotis – G. F. Chiai, Die Sprache der religiösen Kommunikation im rö-mischen Osten: Konvergenz und Differenzierung, in: J. Rüpke (Hg.), Religi-onsgeschichte in räumlicher Perspektive, Tübingen 2007, 117–124.
Chiai 2009 G. F. Chiai, Allmächtige Götter und fromme Menschen im ländlichen Klein-asien der Kaiserzeit, Millennium 6, 2009, 61–105.
Clackson, Language J. Clackson, Language and Society in the Greek and Roman Worlds, Cam-bridge 2015.
Cook, Zeus A. B. Cook, Zeus. A Study in Ancient Religion I–III.2, Cambridge 1914–1940.
Domaszewski, Religion A. von Domaszewski, Die Religion des römischen Heeres, Trier 1895.
Faure, L’aigle P. Faure, L’aigle et le cep. Les centurions légionnaires dans l’Empire des Sévères I–II, Paris 2013.
French, Roads (3.2) D. H. French, Roman Roads & Milestones of Asia Minor, Bd. 3: Milestones, Fasc. 3.2 Galatia (British Institute at Ankara, Electronic Monograph 2), An-kara 2012.
French, Roads (3.7) D. H. French, Roman Roads & Milestones of Asia Minor, Bd. 3: Milestones, Fasc. 3.7 Cilicia, Isauria et Lycaonia (and South-West Galatia) (British Insti-tute at Ankara, Electronic Monograph 7), Ankara 2014.
Fuhrmann, Policing Ch. J. Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire. Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order, Oxford 2012.
Hoffmann, Bwgsheer D. Hoffmann, Das spätrömische Bewegungsheer und die Notitia Dignitatum, Düsseldorf 1969.
I.Laodikeia Th. Corsten (Hg.), Die Inschriften von Laodikeia am Lykos I (IK 49), Bonn 1997.
I.Sultan Dağı L. Jonnes (Hg.), The inscriptions of the Sultan Dağı I (IK 62), Bonn 2002.
Isaac, Limits B. Isaac, The Limits of Empire. The Roman Army in the East, Oxford 1990.
Keppie, Legions L. Keppie, Legions and Veterans. Roman Army Papers 1971–2000, Stuttgart 2000.
Kurt, Karaman M. Kurt, Antik Çağda Karaman (Laranda) ve Yakın Çevresi (Tarihi Coğrafya-Yerleşimler-Kalıntılar-Buluntular), Konya 2011.
Laminger-Pascher, KILyk I G. Laminger-Pascher, Die kaiserzeitlichen Inschriften Lykaoniens, Faszikel I: Der Süden (Österr. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. Klasse, Denk-schriften, Bd. 232), Wien 1992.
Marek, Kleinasien Chr. Marek, Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike, München 2010.
Merkelbach 1998 R. Merkelbach, Centurio regionarius (zu Plinius, Epist. X 77/8), EA 30, 1998, 114.
Millar, Near East F. Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 BC–AD 337, Cambridge 1993.
Mitchell 1979 S. Mitchell, Iconium and Ninica. Two Double Communities in Roman Asia Minor, Historia 28, 1979, 409–438.
Mitchell, Anatolia S. Mitchell, Anatolia. Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor I–II, Oxford 1993.
Mitchell – French 2012 S. Mitchell – D. French (Hgg.), The Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Ankara (Ancyra), Bd. I: From Augustus to the End of the Third Century AD, Mün-chen 2012.
Le Bohec, ERA Y. Le Bohec (Hg.), The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army I–III, Malden, MA 2015.
Ott, Beneficiarier J. Ott, Die Beneficiarier. Untersuchungen zu ihrer Stellung innerhalb der Rang¬ordnung des römischen Heeres und zu ihrer Funktion, Stuttgart 1995.
Paris – Radet 1886 P. Paris – G. Radet, Inscriptions de Pisidie, de Lycaonie et d'Isaurie, BCH 10, 1886, 500–514.
Pollard, Syria N. Pollard, Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria, Ann Arbor 2000.
Ritterling, Legio E. Ritterling in: RE XII.1 u. XII.2, 1186–1829, s. v. Legio, Stuttgart 1924/5.
Rives, Religion J. B. Rives, Religion in the Roman Empire, Malden, MA 2007.
Robert, Noms L. Robert, Noms indigènes dans l’Asie-Mineure gréco-romaine I, Paris 1963.
Robert, Hellenica XIII L. Robert, Hellenica. Recueil d’épigraphie, de numismatique et d’antiquités grecques, Bd. XIII: D’Aphrodisias a la Lycaonie, Paris 1965.
Röhr, Kult B. Röhr, Kult und Fest in Lykaonien, Hamburg 2009.
Roscher, Lex.Myth. W. H. Roscher (Hg.), Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie I–VI, Leipzig 1884–1937.
Sarantis 2013 A. Sarantis, Fortifications in the East: A Bibliographic Essay, in: A. Sarantis – N. Christie (Hgg.), War and Warfare in Late Antiquity, Boston 2013, 317–370.
Sherwin-White, Letters A. N. Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny. A Historical and Social Commen-tary, Oxford 1966.
Speidel, RAS I M. P. Speidel, Roman Army Studies I (Mavors I), Amsterdam 1984.
Speidel (A.), Heer M. A. Speidel, Heer und Herrschaft im Römischen Reich der Hohen Kaiser-zeit (Mavors XVI), Stuttgart 2009.
Speidel (A.) 2014 M. A. Speidel, Connecting Cappadocia. The Contribution of the Roman Im-perial Army, in: V. Cojocaru – A. Coşkun – M. Dana (Hgg.), Interconnectivi-ty in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, Cluj-Napoca 2014, 625–640.
Stauner 2006 K. Stauner, Militär und Wirtschaft: Überlegungen zu den wirtschaftlichen Vor- und Nachteilen römischer Heereszüge durch Kleinasien von Septimius Severus bis Tacitus, Gephyra 2, 2005 (2006), 21–46.
Sterrett, EJ J. R. S. Sterrett, An Epigraphical Journey in Asia Minor (Papers of the Ameri-can School of Classical Studies at Athens, Bd. II, 1883–1884), Boston 1888.
Sterrett, WE J. R. S. Sterrett, The Wolfe Expedition to Asia Minor (Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Bd. III, 1884–1885), Boston 1888.
Stoll, Integration O. Stoll, Zwischen Integration und Abgrenzung: Die Religion des Römischen Heeres im Nahen Osten. Studien zum Verhältnis von Armee und Zivilbevöl-kerung im römischen Syrien und den Nachbargebieten, St. Katharinen 2001.
Stoll 2015 O. Stoll, Ehrenwerte Männer. Veteranen im römischen Nahen Osten der Kai-serzeit. Eine Studie zur Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte der nahöst-lichen Provinzen anhand papyrologischer und epigraphischer Zeugnisse, Ber-lin 2015.
Talbert, Barr. Atlas R. J. A. Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton 2000.
Vitale, Eparchie M. Vitale, Eparchie und Koinon in Kleinasien von der ausgehenden Republik bis ins 3. Jh. n. Chr., Bonn 2012.
Wheeler 2000 E. L. Wheeler, Legio XV Apollinaris: From Carnuntum to Satala – and be-yond, in: Y. Le Bohec (Hg.), Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire I, Lyon, 2000, 259–308.
Williamson 2014 Chr. G. Williamson, Power, politics, and panoramas: Viewing the sacred land-scape of Zeus Stratios near Amaseia, in: T. Bekker-Nielsen (Hg.), Space, Place and Identity in Northern Anatolia, Stuttgart 2014, 175–188.
Wolff, Brigands C. Wolff, Les brigands en orient sous le Haut-Empire romain, Rom 2003.