KÜRESEL KİMLİĞİN EKOTURİZME YÖNELME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNDE ÇEVRE KORUMA MOTİVASYONUNUN ARACI ROLÜ

Bu araştırmanın amacı, turistleri ekotourizme yönlendiren unsurların değer temelli çevresel endişe teorisi temelinde tespit edilmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, küresel kimlik olgusu kullanılmak suretiyle kimlik teorisi, değer temeli çevresel endişe teorisi ile entegre edilmiştir. Amacı gerçekleştirmek için, 12 ay içinde seyahat etmiş olan 374 turistin bakış açısından elde edilen veri tabanı aracılığıyla araştırma hipotezleri test edilmiştir. Hipotez testi, PLS-SEM aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, küresel kimliğin motivasyon faktörlerini (normatif, diğergam, biyosferik) açıklama etkinliği açısından önemli bir rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, hem biyosferik hem de normatif motivasyonun, ekoturizm odaklı seyahatlere katılmaya yönelik davranışsal niyeti arttırdığı görülmüştür. Diğergam motivasyonun ise ekoturizme yönelik davranışsal niyet üzerinde istatistiksel olarak herhangi bir etkisi gözlemlenmemiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

değer temelli çevresel endişe teorisi, ekoturizm, küresel kimlik, biosperik motivasyon, normatif motivasyon

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MOTIVATION IN THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL IDENTITY ON ECOTOURISM PARTICIPATION INTENTION

The research aims to investigate and explicate the ecotourism participation intention of tourists by merging the global identity phenomenon within the conceptual framework of value-basis theory for environmental concern. It delineates the transformative role of adopting global identity on values and consumption habits. To fulfill the aim, research hypotheses are tested using a database derived from the viewpoint of 374 tourists having participated in some form of leisure activity in the preceding 12 months. Hypothesis testing is conducted via PLS-SEM. It is revealed that global identity plays an outstanding role in terms of the predictive ability of motivation factors - normative, altruistic, and biospheric. What is more, both biospheric and normative motivation appear to enhance the intention to participate in ecotourism-type travel. As for altruistic motivation, it is seen to have an insignificant effect on ecotourism-related participation intention.

Keywords:

value-basis theory for environmental concern, ecotourism, global identity, biosperic motivation, normative motivation,

PDF

___

Agag, G. (2019). Understanding the determinants of guests’ behaviour to use green P2P accommodation. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(9), 3417–3446. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2018-0755/FULL/PDF
Agyeiwaah, E., Pratt, S., Iaquinto, B. L., & Suntikul, W. (2020). Social identity positively impacts sustainable behaviors of backpackers. Tourism Geographies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1819401
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888–918. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888
Bamberg, S., & Möser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVP.2006.12.002
Beall, J. M., Boley, B. B., Landon, A. C., & Woosnam, K. M. (2021). What drives ecotourism: environmental values or symbolic conspicuous consumption? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(8), 1215–1234. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1825458
Brislin, R. W. (1976). Comparative Research Methodology: Cross-Cultural Studies. International Journal of Psychology, 11(3), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207597608247359
Burke, P. J., & Reitzes, D. C. (1991). An Identity Theory Approach to Commitment. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54(3), 239–252. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786653
Celo, O., Braakmann, D., & Benetka, G. (2008). Quantitative and qualitative research: Beyond the debate. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 42(3), 266–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12124-008-9078-3/FIGURES/1
Chakraborty, A., Singh, M. P., & Roy, M. (2017). A study of goal frames shaping pro-environmental behaviour in university students. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 18(7), 1291–1310. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-10-2016-0185/FULL/PDF
Chen, M. F. (2015). An examination of the value-belief-norm theory model in predicting pro-environmental behaviour in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 18(2), 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/AJSP.12096
Chen, M. F., & Tung, P. J. (2014). Developing an extended Theory of Planned Behavior model to predict consumers’ intention to visit green hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHM.2013.09.006
Cleveland, M., & Laroche, M. (2007). Acculturaton to the global consumer culture: Scale development and research paradigm. Journal of Business Research, 60(3), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.11.006
Clifton, J., & Benson, A. (2009). Planning for Sustainable Ecotourism: The Case for Research Ecotourism in Developing Country Destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(3), 238–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580608669057
Cohen, J. (1992). Quantitative methods in psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159.
Connelly, N. A., Brown, T. L., & Knuth, B. A. (2008). Assessing the relative importance of recall bias and nonresponse bias and adjusting for those biases in statewide angler surveys. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 5(4), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200009359192
Dann, G. M. S. (1981). Tourist motivation an appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, 8(2), 187–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(81)90082-7
De Groot, J., & Steg, L. (2010). Morality and Prosocial Behavior: The Role of Awareness, Responsibility, and Norms in the Norm Activation Model. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(4), 425–449. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.149.4.425-449
De Young, R. (2014). Some behavioral aspects of energy descent: How a biophysical psychology might help people transition through the lean times ahead. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1271. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2014.01255/BIBTEX
Deci, E. L., Olafsen, A. H., & Ryan, R. M. (2017). Self-Determination Theory in Work Organizations: The State of a Science. Annual Reviews, 4, 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ORGPSYCH-032516-113108
Deng, J., & Li, J. (2015). Self-identification of ecotourists. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(2), 255–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.934374
Der-Karabetian, A., Yingxia, C., & Alfaro, M. (2014). Sustainable Behavior, Perceived Globalization Impact, World-Mindedness, Identity, and Perceived Risk in College Samples from the United States, China, and Taiwan. Ecopsychology, 6(4), 218–233. https://doi.org/10.1089/ECO.2014.0035
Dobson, A. (2003). Citizenship and the Environment. Oxford University Press.
Dolnicar, S., Knezevic Cvelbar, L., & Grün, B. (2019). A Sharing-Based Approach to Enticing Tourists to Behave More Environmentally Friendly. Journal of Travel Research, 58(2), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517746013
Eid, R., Agag, G., & Shehawy, Y. M. (2020). Understanding Guests’ Intention to Visit Green Hotels: Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 45(3), 494–528. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348020947800
Eriksson, L., Garvill, J., & Nordlund, A. M. (2006). Acceptability of travel demand management measures: The importance of problem awareness, personal norm, freedom, and fairness. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVP.2006.05.003
Fang, W. T., Ng, E., Wang, C. M., & Hsu, M. L. (2017). Normative Beliefs, Attitudes, and Social Norms: People Reduce Waste as an Index of Social Relationships When Spending Leisure Time. Sustainability, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU9101696
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
Fennell, D. A. (1999). Ecotourism: An Introduction. Routledge.
Fishbein, M. (1980). A theory of reasoned action: Some applications and implications. - PsycNET. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 65–116.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Gatersleben, B., Murtagh, N., & Abrahamse, W. (2014). Values, identity and pro-environmental behaviour. Contemporary Social Science, 9(4), 374–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2012.682086
Gkargkavouzi, A., Halkos, G., & Matsiori, S. (2019). Development and validation of a scale for measuring Multiple Motives toward Environmental Protection (MEPS). Global Environmental Change, 58, 101971. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2019.101971
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Bargh, J. A. (1996). The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior. Gullford Press. Gupta, A., & Sharma, R. (2019). Pro - environmental behaviour of adventure tourists: an applicability of value belief norm theory. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 67(3), 253–267.
Hair, J. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. In Faculty Publications (7th ed.). Prentice Hall. https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/facpubs/2925
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hameed, I., & Khan, K. (2020). An extension of the goal-framing theory to predict consumer’s sustainable behavior for home appliances. Energy Efficiency, 13(7), 1441–1455. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12053-020-09890-4/TABLES/7
Han, H. (2015). Travelers’ pro-environmental behavior in a green lodging context: Converging value-belief-norm theory and the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management, 47, 164–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2014.09.014
Han, H., Olya, H. G. T., Cho, S. bai, & Kim, W. (2018). Understanding museum vacationers’ co-friendly decision-making process: strengthening the VBN framework. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 855–872. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1377210/SUPPL_FILE/RSUS_A_1377210_SM8153.DOCX
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hett, E. J. (1993). The development of an instrument to measure global-mindedness. University of San Diego.
Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. J., & White, K. M. (1995). A Tale of Two Theories: A Critical Comparison of Identity Theory with Social Identity Theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58(4), 255. https://doi.org/10.2307/2787127
Holmes, M. R., Dodds, R., & Frochot, I. (2019). At Home or Abroad, Does Our Behavior Change? Examining How Everyday Behavior Influences Sustainable Travel Behavior and Tourist Clusters: Journal of Travel Research, 60(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519894070
Hoyer, W., & MacInns, D. (2004). Consumer Behavior. Houghton Mifflin.
Hunecke, M., Blöbaum, A., Matthies, E., & Höger, R. (2001). Responsibility and Environment: Ecological Norm Orientation and External Factors in the Domain of Travel Mode Choice Behavior. Environment and Behavior, 33(6), 830–852. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139160121973269
Juvan, E., & Dolnicar, S. (2016). Measuring environmentally sustainable tourist behaviour. Annals of Tourism Research, 59, 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANNALS.2016.03.006
Karlberg, M. (2008). Discourse, Identity, and Global Citizenship. Peace Review, 20(3), 310–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402650802330139
Kellison, T. B., Bunds, K. S., Casper, J. M., & Newman, J. I. (2017). Public parks usage near hydraulic fracturing operations. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 18, 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JORT.2017.02.006
Kormos, C., Gifford, R., & Brown, E. (2014). The Influence of Descriptive Social Norm Information on Sustainable Transportation Behavior: A Field Experiment. Environment and Behavior, 47(5), 479–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916513520416
Le, T. H., Wu, H. C., Huang, W. S., Liou, G. B., Huang, C. C., & Hsieh, C. M. (2021). Evaluating Determinants of Tourists’ Intentions to Agrotourism in Vietnam using Value – Belief – Norm Theory. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 38(9), 881–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1985040
Lee, T. H., & Jan, F.-H. (2017). Ecotourism Behavior of Nature-Based Tourists: An Integrative Framework: Journal of Travel Research, 57(6), 792–810. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517717350
Lee, Y., Kim, S., Seock, Y. K., & Cho, Y. (2009). Tourists’ attitudes towards textiles and apparel-related cultural products: A cross-cultural marketing study. Tourism Management, 30(5), 724–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2008.10.007
Li, Q., & Wu, M. (2020). Tourists’ pro-environmental behaviour in travel destinations: benchmarking the power of social interaction and individual attitude. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(9), 1371–1389. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1737091
Lindenberg, S., & Steg, L. (2007). Normative, Gain and Hedonic Goal Frames Guiding Environmental Behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 63(1), 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1540-4560.2007.00499.X
Lu, A. C. C., Gursoy, D., & Chiappa, G. Del. (2014). The Influence of Materialism on Ecotourism Attitudes and Behaviors: Journal of Travel Reseach, 55(2), 176–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514541005
Makri, K., Papadas, K., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2021). Global social networking sites and global identity: A three-country study. Journal of Business Research, 130, 482–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2019.11.065
Maloney, M. P., & Ward, M. P. (1973). Ecology: Let’s hear from the people: An objective scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 28(7), 583–586. https://doi.org/10.1037/H0034936
Mandić, A., & Vuković, M. (2021). Millennials attitudes, choices and behaviour - integrative analysis. Journal of Ecotourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1932925
McGladdery, C. A., & Lubbe, B. A. (2017). International educational tourism: Does it foster global learning? A survey of South African high school learners. Tourism Management, 62, 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2017.05.004
Min, C., & Kim, H. (2013). Relationship between cross-cultural attitudes and attitudes toward the foreign language study of tourism majors: the South Korean Case. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 11(1–2), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2013.801486
Morais, D. B., & Ogden, A. C. (2011). Initial development and validation of the global citizenship scale. Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(5), 445–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315310375308
Ng, S., & Basu, S. (2019). Global Identity and Preference for Environmentally Friendly Products: The Role of Personal Responsibility: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(8), 919–936. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022119873432
Nijssen, E. J., & Douglas, S. P. (2008). Consumer World-Mindedness, Social-Mindedness, and Store Image: Journal of International Marketing, 16(3), 84–107. https://doi.org/10.1509/JIMK.16.3.84
Oyserman, D. (2009). Identity-based motivation and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(3), 276–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCPS.2009.06.001
Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., Green-Demers, I., Noels, K., & Beaton, A. M. (1998). Why Are You Doing Things for the Environment? The Motivation Toward the Environment Scale (MTES)1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(5), 437–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1559-1816.1998.TB01714.X
Rahman, I., & Reynolds, D. (2016). Predicting green hotel behavioral intentions using a theory of environmental commitment and sacrifice for the environment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 52, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHM.2015.09.007
Rezvani, Z., Jansson, J., & Bengtsson, M. (2018). Consumer motivations for sustainable consumption: The interaction of gain, normative and hedonic motivations on electric vehicle adoption. Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(8), 1272–1283. https://doi.org/10.1002/BSE.2074
Ringle, C. M., Da Silva, D., & Bido, D. (2015). Structural equation modeling with the SmartPLS. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13(2), 56–73.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Boenningstedt: SmartPLS GmbH, Http://Www. Smartpls. Com.
Rodríguez, M., Pérez, L. M., & Alonso, M. (2021). The impact of egoistic and social-altruistic values on consumers’ intention to stay at safe hotels in the COVID-19 era: a study in Spain. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.2008881
Roman, L. G. (2003). Education and the Contested Meanings of ‘Global Citizenship.’ Journal of Educational Change 2003 4:3, 4(3), 269–293. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JEDU.0000006164.09544.AC
Ryan, C., Hughes, K., & Chirgwin, S. (2000). The gaze, spectacle and ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(1), 148–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00061-4
Schattle, H. (2008). The practices of global citizenship. Rowman and Littlefield Publication.
Schultz, P. W. (2001). THE STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN: CONCERN FOR SELF, OTHER PEOPLE, AND THE BIOSPHERE. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(4), 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1006/JEVP.2001.0227
Schultz, P. Wesley. (2000). The effects of perspective taking on concern for environmental issues. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 391–406.
Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 221–279). New York Academic Press.
Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 878–891. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1990-25308-001
Schwartz, S. H., & Clausen, G. T. (1970). Responsibility, norms, and helping in an emergency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 299–310.
Schwartz, Shalom H. (1973). Normative explanations of helping behavior: A critique, proposal, and empirical test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9(4), 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(73)90071-1
Sparks, P., & Shepherd, R. (1992). Self-Identity and the Theory of Planned Behavior: Assesing the Role of Identification with “Green Consumerism.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 55(4), 399. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786955
Steg, L., Perlaviciute, G., van der Werff, E., & Lurvink, J. (2012). The Significance of Hedonic Values for Environmentally Relevant Attitudes, Preferences, and Actions: Environment and Behavior, 46(2), 163–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512454730
Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVP.2008.10.004
Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407–424.
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G. A., & Kalof, N. (1999). A Value-Belief-Norm Theory of Support for Social Movements: The Case of Environmentalism on JSTOR. Human Ecology Review, 6(2), 81–97.
Stern, P., & Dietz, T. (1994). The value basis of environmental concern. Journal of Social Issues, 50(3), 65–84.
Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(3), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.2307/2695870
Stryker, S. (1984). Identity theory: Developments and extensions. - PsycNET. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 37, 89–103.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In M. J. Hatch & M. Schultz (Eds.), Organizational Identity: A Reader. Oxford University Press.
Tajfel, H. (1982). Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1146/Annurev.Ps.33.020182.000245, 33(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.PS.33.020182.000245
Tajfel, Henri. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour: Social Science Information, 13(2), 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847401300204
Teng, Y.-M., Wu, K.-S., & Liu, H.-H. (2013). Integrating Altruism and the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Patronage Intention of a Green Hotel: Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 39(3), 299–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012471383
Türken, S., & Rudmin, F. W. (2013). On Psychological Effects of Globalization: Development of a Scale of Global Identity. Psychology and Society, 5(2), 63–89.
Usakli, A., & Küçükergin, K. G. (2018). Using partial least squares structural equation modeling in hospitality and tourism: Do researchers follow practical guidelines? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(11), 3462–3512. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2017-0753
Van der Werff, E., Steg, L., & Keizer, K. (2013). It is a moral issue: The relationship between environmental self-identity, obligation-based intrinsic motivation and pro-environmental behaviour. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1258–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2013.07.018
Verma, V. K., Chandra, B., & Kumar, S. (2019). Values and ascribed responsibility to predict consumers’ attitude and concern towards green hotel visit intention. Journal of Business Research, 96, 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2018.11.021
Wang, L. (2020). Determinants of Consumers Purchase Attitude and Intention Toward Green Hotel Selection. Journal of China Tourism Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2020.1816241
Wang, L., Wang, Z. X., Zhang, Q., Jebbouri, A., & Wong, P. P. W. (2021). Consumers’ intention to visit green hotels – a goal-framing theory perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1977937
Wang, L., Wong, P. P. W., & Narayanan Alagas, E. (2020). Antecedents of green purchase behaviour: an examination of altruism and environmental knowledge. International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, 14(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-02-2019-0034/FULL/PDF
Wang, P., Liu, Q., & Qi, Y. (2014). Factors influencing sustainable consumption behaviors: a survey of the rural residents in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 63, 152–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2013.05.007
Wang, Y., Wang, S., Wang, J., Wei, J., & Wang, C. (2020). An empirical study of consumers’ intention to use ride-sharing services: using an extended technology acceptance model. Transportation, 47(1), 397–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11116-018-9893-4
Westin, K., Nordlund, A., Jansson, J., & Nilsson, J. (2020). Goal Framing as a Tool for Changing People’s Car Travel Behavior in Sweden. Sustainability 2020, Vol. 12, Page 3695, 12(9), 3695. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12093695
Woosnam, K. M., Strzelecka, M., Nisbett, G. S., & Keith, S. J. (2019). Examining Millennials’ Global Citizenship Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions to Engage in Environmental Volunteering. Sustainability, 11(8), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11082324
Wynveen, C. J., Kyle, G. T., & Tarrant, M. A. (2011). Study Abroad Experiences and Global Citizenship: Fostering Proenvironmental Behavior. Journal of Studies in International Education, 16(4), 334–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315311426782
Yang, X., Chen, S. C., & Zhang, L. (2020). Promoting sustainable development: A research on residents’ green purchasing behavior from a perspective of the goal-framing theory. Sustainable Development, 28(5), 1208–1219. https://doi.org/10.1002/SD.2070
Zhang, Y., & Khare, A. (2009). The impact of accessible identities on the evaluation of global versus local products. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(3), 524–537. https://doi.org/10.1086/598794/2/M_36-3-524-FIG001.JPEG