Sulama sularındaki arseniğin bitkilerde birikimi

Arsenik yer yüzeyinde doğal olarak bulunmakta ve çevrede yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Doğal süreçler kadar insan faaliyetleri sonucu, dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde arsenik, yeraltı sularında bulunmaktadır. Çoğu ülkede olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de yeraltı suyunda ve yüzeysel sularda arsenik kirliliği belirlenmiştir. Arseniğin kronik sağlık etkileri, hiperpigmentasyon (koyu lekeler), hipopigmentasyon (beyaz lekeler), el ve ayaklarda keratoz gibi çeşitli cilt lezyonlarının gelişimini içerir. Arseniğe uzun süreli maruz kalındığında, mesane, akciğer, cilt, böbrek, karaciğer ve prostat kanserine neden olabilir. İnsan sağlığı üzerindeki yüksek toksik etkileri nedeniyle, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Çevre Koruma Ajansı ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü içme suyunda maksimum arsenik derişimini 10 µg/L ile sınırlamıştır. Türkiye’de ise bu değer 2008 yılından itibaren sınır değer 10 µg/L olarak belirlenmiştir. Arsenikle kirlenmiş yeraltı suları, içme suyu kaynağı olarak tüketilmesinin yanında sulama suyu olarak da ürün yetiştirmede ve hayvan sulamasında kullanılmaktadır. Kirlenmiş suların, sulamada kullanılması, toprak ve ürün kalitesinde tehlike oluşturabilir. Arsenik seviyesinin yüksek olmasının, tohum gelişimini ve ürün oluşumunu engellediği tespit edilmiştir. Bazı ülkelerde yapılan çalışmalarda, besin maddelerinde, sularda ve toprakta değişen oranda arsenik seviyeleri belirlenmiştir. Arsenikle kirlenmiş besin, su ve toprak aracılığıyla hayvanlar, vücutlarında arseniği biriktirebilir ve bu hayvan ürünleri olan et, süt ve iç organların, insanlar tarafından tüketilmesi ile kalıntı arsenik, insan sağlığına zarar verebilir. Bitkilerde arsenik birikimi türe ve ortama göre farklılık göstermektedir. Bitkilerde arsenik birikim sıralaması genellikle kök>gövde>yaprak/meyve olarak belirlenmiştir. Bitkilerdeki arsenik derişiminin toprak ve sudaki arsenik derişiminden çok daha yüksek olduğu ve diğer canlılara toksik etki yaptığı görülmüştür. Bu derleme çalışmasında bitkilerde arsenik birikimi ve insan sağlığına etkisi değerlendirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

Arsenik, Birikim, Sulama suyu, Bitki

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