Was there Room in Rum for Corsairs?: Who Was an Ottoman in the Naval Forces of the Ottoman Empire in the the ??th and ??th Centuries?

Bu makale, değişik tarihlerde Osmanlı sultanlarına hizmet etmiş beş mühim denizcinin "Osmanlılığını", çağdaş ve bazıları otobiyografi niteliğinde olan anlatıların ışığında incelemektedir. Kemal Reis ve yeğeni Piri Reis, II. Bayezid'in hizmetine girmeden önce Akdeniz'de korsanlık yapmışlardı. Osmanlı hizmetinde sivrilen Piri Reis, 1547'de "Mısır Kapudanlığına" getirildi. Ancak Piri Reis'in Portekizliler'den Hürmüz kalesini alamaması ve akabindeki idamından sonra, Seydi Ali Reis Mısır Kapudanı olarak tayin edildi. Osmanlı korsan-denizcilerinin en başarılısı olan Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa, I. Süleyman'ın saltanatı sırasında Akdeniz'deki Osmanlı donanmasına "kapudan" oldu. Turgud Reis, sahip olduğu yetenek ve deneyime rağmen, Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa'dan sonra kaptan-ı derya olmayı başaramadı. Buna sebep olan kişi aynı mevkiye kendi kardeşi Sinan Paşa'yı geçirmek isteyen Başvezir Rüstem Paşa'ydı. Bu denizcilerin dışarıdaki düşmanlar ve içerideki rakiplere karşı gösterdikleri çabalar onların Rum, yani Osmanlı sultanının meşru birer hizmetkarı olmak için verdikleri mücadeleyi gösterir.

Diyar-ı Rum'da Korsanlara da Yer Var mıydı?: 15. ve 16. Yüzyıl Donanma-yı Hümayunu'ndaki Denizcilerin "Osmanlılığı" Meselesi

This paper analyzes the "Ottomanness" of five prominent seafarers, mainly relying on contemporary narrative sources, some of which are autobiographical in nature. First, Kemal Reis and his nephew Piri Reis sailed the Mediterranean as corsairs before entering Ottoman service during the reign of Bayezid II. Piri Reis eventually became Mısır Kapudanı with responsibilities in the Indian Ocean in 1547. Seydi Ali Reis was appointed Mısır Kapudanı after Piri Reis' failure to conquer Hormuz and subsequent execution. Hayreddin Pasha, the most successful Ottoman corsair seafarer, became Kapudan (grand admiral) of the Ottoman Mediterranean fleet during the reign of Süleyman. Finally, Turgud Reis failed to succeed Hayreddin as Kapudan (grand admiral) despite his expertise, because of the opposition of Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha who obtained the position for his own brother, Sinan Pasha. The seafarers' experiences countering enemies without and rivals within, illustrate their battle to become acknowledged as legitimate servants of the ruler of Rum, the Ottoman sultan.

___

Archival Sources

Gazavat-ı Hayreddin Paşa, İstanbul Üniversite Kütüphanesi no. 2639.

Gazavat-ı Hayreddin Paşa. Bibliothèque Nationale, Supplement Turc no. 1186.

Kâtib Çelebi, Tuhfetu'l-kibar fi esfari'l-bihar, Topkapı Sarayı Kütüphanesi, Revan no. 1192.

Nasuh Matrakçı, Tarih-i Feth-i Şikloş, Estergon ve Istunibeigrad. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi, Hazine no. 1608.

Piri Reis, Kitab-ı Bahriye, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Yeni Cami no. 790.

Piri Reis, Kitab-ı Bahriye, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Ayasofya no. 2612.

BOA Maliyeden Müdevver Defters 175, 187, 199. Published Works

Alberi, E. (Ed.): Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al senato, Series 3, 3 vols., Florence: Societa editrice fiorentina 1840-55.

Bostan, İdris: "?e Establishment of the Province of Cezayir-i Bahr-i Sefid," in tHe Kapudan Pasha: His Office and His Domain, Rethymnon: Crete University Press 2002.

Bozdoğan, Sibel and Gülru Necipoğlu, "Entangled Discourses," Muqarnas 24 (2007), p. 1-6.

Brummett, Palmira: Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery, Albany, NY: SUNY Press 1994.

Bursalı, Mehmed Tahir: Osmanlı Müellifleri, İstanbul: Meral Yayınevi, [1971]-1975.

Casale, Giancarlo: ?e Ottoman Age of Exploration, New York: Oxford University Press 2010.

Ezgü, Fuad: İslam Ansiklopedisi, s.v. "Piri Reis."

Faroqhi, Suraiya: ?e Ottoman Empire and the World Around It. London: IB Tauris 2004.

Galotta, Aldo: Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., s.v. "Khayr al-Din (Khidir) Pasha."

Hess, Andrew: ?e Forgotten Frontier: a History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1978.

Ibn Iyas: Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, trans. and ed. Gaston Wiet, Paris?: Librairie Armand Colin [1955?].

Imber, Colin: "?e Navy of Süleyman the Magnificent," Archivum Ottomanicum 6 (1980), p. 211-82.

Isom-Verhaaren, Christine: Allies with the Infidel: ?e Ottoman and French Alliance in the Sixteenth Century, London: IB Tauris 2011.

Isom-Verhaaren, Christine: "An Ottoman Report about Martin Luther and the Emperor: New Evidence of the Ottoman Interest in the Protestant Challenge to the Power of Charles V," Turcica 28 (1996), p. 299-318.

Isom-Verhaaren, Christine: "Shifting Identities: Foreign State Servants in France and the Ottoman Empire," Journal of Early Modern History 8 (2004), p. 109-34.

Isom-Verhaaren, Christine: "Süleyman and Mihrimah: ?e Favorite's Daughter," Journal of Persianate Studies 4 (2011), p. 64-85.

Itzkowitz, Norman: Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition, New York: Knopf 1972.

Kafadar, Cemal: "A Rome of One's Own: Reflections on Cultural Geography and Iden- tity in the Lands of Rum," Muqarnas 24 (2007), p. 7-25.

Kâtib Çelebi: ?e Gift to the Great Ones on Naval Campaigns, ed. İdris Bostan, Ankara: Prime Ministry Undersecretariat for Maritime Affairs 2008.

Kâtib Çelebi: ?e History of the Maritime Wars of the Turks, trans. James Mitchell, Lon- don: Oriental Translation Fund 1831.

Kunt, Metin: "Ethnic-Regional (Cins) Solidarity in the Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Establishment," IJMES 5 (1974), p. 233-39.

Lutfi Paşa: Tevarih-i Al-i Osman, Istanbul: Matba'a-i Amire 1341/1922-23.

Murphey, Rhoads: "Seyyid Muradi's prose biography of Hızır ibn Yakub, Alias Hayreddin Barbarossa: Ottoman Folk Narrative as an under-exploited Source for Historical Reconstruction," Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (2001), p. 519-32.

Necipoğlu, Gülru: ?e Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire, Prince- ton: Princeton University Press 2005.

Necipoğlu, Gülru: "Creation of a National Genius: Sinan and the Historiography of 'Classical' Ottoman Architecture," Muqarnas 24 (2007), p. 141-83.

Özbaran, S: Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., s.v. "Kapudan Pasha."

Özbaran, Salih: "In Search of Another Identity: ?e 'Rumi' Perception in the Ottoman Realm," Eurasian Studies 1 (2002), p. 115-27.

Peçevi, Ibrahim: Tarih-i Peçevi, Istanbul: Matbaa-i Âmire 1866-67.

Piri Reis: Kitab-ı Bahriye. Istanbul: Historical Research Foundation, Istanbul Research Center 1988.

Sanuto, Marino: I Diarii, Venice: F. Visentini 1879-1903.

Scott, Jonathan: When the Waves Ruled Britainnia: Geography and Political Identities, 1500-1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2011.

Sebastian, Peter Mario Luciano: "Turkish Prosopography in the Diarii of Marino Sanuto 1496-1517/902-923," PhD dissertation, University of London, 1988.

Seydi Ali Reis: Mir'at al-mamalik, Istanbul: İkdam Matbaası 1895.

Seydi Ali Reis: ?e Travels and Adventures of the Turkish Admiral Sidi Ali Reis, trans. A. Vambéry, London: Luzac 1899.

Sinan Çavuş: Tarih-i Feth-i Şikloş, Estergon ye Istol[n]i-Belgrad or Süleyman-name., Istan- bul: Historical Research Foundation 1987.

Solakzade: Tarih-i Solakzade, Istanbul: Mahmut Bey Matbaası, 1298.

Soucek, Svat: Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., s.v. "Piri Reis."

Soucek, Svat: Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., s.v. "Torghud Re'is."

Soucek, Svat: Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., s.v. "Sidi Ali Re'is."

Soucek, Svat: Piri Reis and Turkish Mapmaking after Columbus, London: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1996.

Soucek, Svat: "Tunisia in the Kitab-i Bahriye by Piri Reis," Archivum Ottomanicum 5 (1973), p. 129-131.

Süreyya Bey, Mehmet: Sicill-i Osmani, Westmead, Farnborough, Hants., England: Gregg International Publishers 1971.

Ülkekul, Cevat: Büyük Türk Denizcisi Kemal Reis, İstanbul: Piri Reis Araştırma Merkezi 2007.

Ülkekul, Cevat and Ayşe Hande Can: Piri Reis'in Yaşamı, Yapıtları ve Bahriyesinden Seç- meler, İstanbul: Piri Reis Araştırma Merkezi 2007.

Zachariadou, Elizabeth A: Trade and Crusade: Venetian Crete and the Emirates of Menteshe and Aydin (1300-1415), Venice: Istituto ellenico di studi bizantini e postbizantini di Venezia per tutti i paesi del mondo 1983.

Ze'evi, Dror: "Kul and Getting Cooler: ?e Dissolution of Elite Collective Identity and the Formation of Official Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire," Mediterranean Historical Review 11 (1996), p. 177-95.