Osmaniye ili buğday ekim alanlarında sap çürüklüğü hastalığıyla ilişkili Fusarium türleri

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Osmaniye İli buğday ekim alanlarında, Fusarium Sap Çürüklüğü Hastalığı’nın oluşumu, hastalıkla ilişkili türlerin saptanması ve bu türlerin patojenisitelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem ve Bulgular: 2018 yılında Osmaniye ve çevresinde toplam 51 tarla incelenmiş ve bitki örnekleri toplanmıştır. Fusarium türleri ve diğer funguslar standart mikolojik izolasyon yöntemleriyle elde edilmiş ve bunların tanısı için klasik ve moleküler teknikler kullanılmıştır. Patojenisite testleri 4.5 ay süreyle, açık alanda, saksılarda yürütülmüş, bitkilerin kök boğazındaki lezyonların oluşum düzeylerine göre izolatların virülenslikleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre; hastalığın bölgedeki yaygınlığı, tarlalardaki ortalama görülme oranı ve şiddetinin sırasıyla %100, %71 ve %31.7 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Hastalık belirtisi gösteren bitkilerden 8 farklı Fusarium türü (F. acuminatum, F. algeriense, F. brachygibbosum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. incarnatum, F. nygamai ve F. pseudograminearum) ve ayrıca Septoriella hirta, Microdochium nivale, Rhizoctionia sp ve diğer türler izole edilmiştir. Bu funguslar arasında en sık izole edilen türler; Septoriella hirta (%49.3), Microdochium nivale (%13.5), Rhizoctonia sp. (%13.1) ve Fusarium acuminatum (%13.0) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Patojenisite testi sonuçlarına göre en virülent Fusarium türlerinin %31.4, %21.1 ve %19.2’lik hastalık şiddeti ile F. pseudograminearum, F. culmorum ve F. incarnatum türleri olmuştur. Buna karşın diğer Fusarium türleri ise %4.7 ile %7.8 oranlarında değişen hafif lezyonlar oluşturmuşlardır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Fusarium algeriense Türkiye buğday ekim alanlarında ilk kez tespit edilmiştir. Fusarium’lara ek olarak, Septoriella hirta ve Microdochium nivale’nin monokültür buğday yetiştirilen alanlarda dikkate alınması gereken iki önemli tür oldukları belirlenmiştir.Genel Yorum: Fusarium Sap Çürüklüğü Hastalığı’nın Osmaniye ili için önemli ve dikkate alınması gereken bir hastalık olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Bu çalışma Türkiye buğday ekim alanlarında sap çürüklüğüyle ilişkili fungal florayla ilgili bilgilere katkıda bulunmuştur. Güncel durumun ortaya çıkarılması, hastalıkla mücadele amacı güden diğer çalışmalar için de önem taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Hastalık sıklığı, Septoriella hirta, Fusarium algeriense, Microdochium nivale

The Fusarium species associated with foot rot disease of wheat fields in Osmaniye province

Aims: The aims of the study were to reveal the incidence of Fusarium Foot Rot Disease of Wheat in Osmaniye Province, to determine Fusarium species associated with the disease and their pathogenicity. Methods and Results: In 2018, totally 51 fields were surveyed in Osmaniye and nearby districts and plant samples were collected. Fusarium species and the other fungi were isolated according to standard mycological procedure and classical / molecular methods were followed for their identification. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in pots in outside for 4.5 months and the virulence of the isolates were determined by lesion occurrence on the crown of plants. According to results; the disease prevalence, average disease incidence and severity in the region were found to be 100%, 71% and 31.7% respectively. Eight Fusarium species (F. acuminatum, F. algeriense, F. brachygibbosum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. incarnatum, F. nygamai and F. pseudograminearum) furthermore Septoriella hirta, Microdochium nivale, Rhizoctionia sp. and the other species were isolated from the symptomatic plants. Among these fungi, the most frequently isolated species were Septoriella hirta (49.3%), Microdochium nivale (13.5%), Rhizoctonia sp. (13.1%) and Fusarium acuminatum (13.0%). According to pathogenicity test results, the most virulent Fusarium species were F. pseudograminearum, F. culmorum and F. incarnatum with a disease severity of 31.4%, 21.1% and 19.2%. In contrast, the other Fusarium species caused slight lesions ranging from %4.7 to %7.8. According to our current knowledge; Fusarium algeriense was detected for the first time in wheat growing areas of Turkey. In addition to Fusaria, Septoriella hirta and Microdochium nivale emerged as two important species to take into consideration in monoculture wheat growing areas. Conclusions: This study revealed that Fusarium Foot Rot is an important disease and it should be considered for disease management in the Osmaniye province. Significance and Impact of the Study: In the study, This study has contributed to the information associated with fungal flora of foot rot disease in wheat growing areas of Turkey. Revealing the current situation of the disease is also important for the other studies aiming at disease management.

Keywords:

Disease incidence, Septoriella hirta, Fusarium algeriense, Microdochium nivale,

PDF

___

Akgül DS, Erkılıç A (2007) Çukurova’da Buğday Kök ve Kökboğazı Çürüklüğü’nün yaygınlığı ve hastalıkta rolü olan fusarium türlerinin saptanması. Çukurova Tarım Bil. Der. 22: 59-68.
Akgül DS, Erkılıç A (2016) Effect of wheat cultivars, fertilizers and fungicides on Fusarium foot rot disease of wheat. Turk J Agric For. 40: 101-108.
Anonim (2019) TÜİK Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Bitkisel-Uretim-Istatistikleri-2020-33737, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2021)
Barnett HL, Hunter BB (2003) Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi, fourth edition. APS press, St. Paul Minnesota. pp218.
Bentley AR, Tunalı B, Nicol JM, Burgess LW, Summerell BA (2006) A survey of Fusarium species associated with wheat and grass stem bases in Northern Turkey. Verlag Ferdinand Berger, Söhne Ges.m.b.h, Horn, Austria, 163-177.
Bockus WW, Bowden RL, Hunger RM, Morril WL, Murray TD, Smiley RW (2010) Compendium of Wheat Disease and Pests, Third Edition. APS Press, St. Paul Minnesota, USA. pp 171.
Booth C (1971) The Genus Fusarium. Kew, England. Comonwealth Mycology Institute. pp 237.
Cook RJ, Weller DM, Youssef El-Banna A, Vakoch D, Zhang H (2002) Yield responses of direct-seeded wheat to rhizobacteria and fungicide seed treatments. Plant Dis. 86: 780–784.
Dehghanpour-Farashah S, Taheri P, Falahati-Rastegar M (2019) Virulence factors of Fusarium spp., causing wheat crown and root rot in Iran. Phytopathol Mediterr. 58 (1): 115-125.
Gebremariam ES, Poudyal DS, Paulite TC, Orakçı GE, Karakaya A, Dababat AA (2018) Identity and pathogenicity of Fusarium species associated with crown rot on wheat (Triticum spp.) in Turkey. Eur J Plant Pathol. 150: 387-399.
Geiser DM, Jimenez-Gasco M, Kang S, Makalowska I, Veeraraghavan N, Ward TJ, Zhang N, Kuldau GA, O’Donell K (2004) Fusarium-ID v. 1.0: A DNA sequence database for identifying Fusarium. Eur J Plant Pathol. 110: 473-479.
Gomez KA, Gomez AA (1984) Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. Second edition, Wiley, New York. pp 680.
Hekimhan H, Boyraz N (2011) Trakya bölgesi buğday ekiliş alanlarında fungal kaynaklı kök ve kökboğazı çürüklüğü hastalıklarının tespiti. Selcuk J Agr Food Sci. 25 (3): 25-34.
Johnston PR, Seifert KA, Stone JK, Rossmann AY, Marvanova L (2014) Recommendations on generic names competing for use in Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota). IMA Fungus. 5: 91–120.
Karadeniz İ (2014) Konya Ereğli ilçesi ve civarında tahıllarda kök ve kökboğazı çürüklüğünün yaygınlığı ve nedensel etmenlerin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bil. Ens., Bitki Koruma ABD, 52 s.
Karlsson I, Edel-Hermann V, Gautheron N, Durling MB, Kolseth AK, Steinberg C, Persson P, Friberg H (2016). Genus-specific primers for study of Fusarium communities in field samples. Appl Environ Microb. 82 (2): 491-501.
Kee YJ, Zakaria L, Mohd MH (2019) Morphology, phylogeny and pathogenicity of Fusarium species from Sansevieria trifasciata in Malaysia. Plant Pathol. 69: 442-454.
Klein TA, Liddell CM, Burgess LW, Ellison FW (1985) Glasshouse test for tolerance of wheat to crown rot caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe Group 1. Pages: 172-173 in: Ecology and management of soil borne plant pathogens (Eds. Parker CA, Rovira AD, Moore KJ, Wong PTW, Kollmorgen JF) APS Press, St. Paul, pp 327.
Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol. 33(7): 1870-1874.
Laraba I, Keddad A, Boureghda H, Abdallah N, Vaughan MM, Proctor RH, Busman M, O’Donell K (2017) Fusarium algeriense, sp. nov., a novel toxigenic crown rot pathogen of durum wheat from Algeria is nested in the Fusarium burgessii species complex. Mycologia, 109 (6): 935-950.
Leslie FJ, Summerell AB (2006) The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, London, UK. pp 220.
Liddell CM (1985) The comparative pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum group 1. Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium crookwellense as crown, foot and root rot pathogens of wheat. Australas Plant Path. 14: 29-32.
Lombard L, Sandoval-Denis M, Cai L. Crous PW (2019) Changing the game: resolving systematic issues in key Fusarium species complexes. Persoonia: 43: 1-2.
Nelson PE, Tousson TA, Marassas WFO (1983) Fusarium species: An illustrated manual for identification. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park and London. pp 193.
O'Donnell K, Cigelnik E, Nirenberg HI (1998) Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Mycologia, 90(3): 465-493.
Seifert K (1996) Fuskey, Fusarium Interactive Key, Electronic Production. pp 65.
Sprague R (1950) Disease of cereals and grasses in North America. The Ronald Press Company, New York, USA. pp 136.
Townsend GR, Heuberger JV (1943) Methods for estimating losses caused by diseases in fungicide experiments. Plant Dis Rep. 24: 340–343.
Tunalı B, Nicol J, Erel FY, Altıparmak G (2006) Pathogenicity of Turkish crown and head scab isolates on stem bases on winter wheat under greenhouse conditions. Plant Pathology J. 5(2): 143-149.
Uçkun Z, Yıldız M (2004) Determination of root and crown rot diseases of wheat areas in Izmir, Aydın and Denizli provinces and the disease incidence. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 44 (1-4): 79-92.
Ünal F, Dolar FS, Tekiner N, Yeğin NZ (2017) Molecular identification, virulence and genetic diversity of Fusarium species on wheat. Eurasian J. Agr. Res. 1 (2): 13-22.
Van der Lee T, Zhang H, van Diepeningen A, Waalwijk C (2015) Biogeography of Fusarium graminearum species complex and chemotypes: a review. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 32: 453–460.
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. Eds. Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Snisky JJ, White TJ, In: PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. San Diego, Academic Press, 315–322.
Wildermuth GB, Mcnamara RB (1994) Testing wheat seedlings for resistance to crown rot caused by Fusarium graminearum group 1. Plant Dis. 78: 949-953.
Xu F, Yang G, Wang J, Song Y, Liu L, Zhao K, Li Y, Han Z (2018) Spatial distribution of root and crown rot fungi associated with winter wheat in the north china plain and its relationship with climate variables. Front Microbiol, 9: 1054, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01054.
Yli-Mattila T (2010) Ecology and evolution of toxigenic Fusarium species in cereals in northern Europe and Asia. J Plant Pathol. 92: 7-18.
Zadoks JC, Chang TT, Konzak CF (1974) A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Res, 44: 415-421.