Türkiye'deki Kadın Aktivistlerin Sivil Toplum Söylemleri: Alternatif Yaklaşımlar

Sivil toplum alanında hâkim bakış cinsiyetçi ve neoliberal bir karaktere sahiptir. Türkiye'yi de içerecek şekilde Orta Doğu'da sivil toplum ve STKlar, özellikle kadın örgütleri üzerine olan akademik literatürün işaret ettiği gibi, bu hâkim bakış açısı özellikle Batı dışı bağlamlarda tartışmaya açılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, kadınların sivil toplum içindeki yerini ve rolünü analiz eden ve sivil toplum ve devletin cinisyetçi yönlerine işaret eden birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda sivil toplum teori ve pratiklerine ilişkin bir mücadele alanı yaratılmış olsa da, genel olarak sivil toplum aktivistleri özelde kadın aktivistlerin sivil toplum anlayışları ve söylemleri üzerine kısıtlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki farklı kadın örgütlerinden kadınların sivil toplum söylemlerini, Türkiye'deki hâkim sivil toplum nosyonlarını, ne ölçüde ürettikleri ya da bunlarla nasıl mücadele ettiklerini analiz ederek litetatürde bu alandaki açığı kapatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu araştırma kapsamında Kemalist, İslamcı, Kürt, feminist ve anti-kapitalist feminist grupları içeren 10 farklı kadın örgütünden 41 aktivist ile yapılan yarı açık uçlu görüşmeler, feminist eleştirel söylem analizi methodu ile analiz edilmektedir. Bu noktada, bu ampirik çalışma ile iki temel argüman öne sürülmektedir. İlk olarak, çeşitli gruplarda yer alan kadın aktivistlerin birbirleriyle örtüşen ve/veya birbirinden farklılaşan ve bazı durumlarda da politik duruşlarıyla çelişen yedi farklı sivil toplum söylemi üretildiği gözlemlenmiştir. İkinci olarak, kadın aktivistlerin söylemlerinin birçoğu hegemonik sivil toplum algısı ile iç içe geçmiş "gönüllülük", "bağımsızlık" ve "aracılık" gibi liberal demokrat sivil toplum ideallerini içerirken, bu hegemonik sivil toplum söylemlerinin muhalif olmayan, hiyerarşik ve demokratikleşme karşıtı pratiklerini eleştirerek veya sivil toplum aktivizmini redderek alternatif direniş yolları üretmektedirler

Civil Society Discourses of Women Activists in Turkey: Alternative Approaches

Dominant approaches to civil society are gender-biased and neo-liberal in character. Currently, these dominant views have been contested in non-Western contexts, as it is widely highlighted in the academic literature on civil society and NGOs, particularly the women's NGOs in the Middle East, including Turkey. There are various studies rethinking civil society by looking at the women's position and activism in the site of civil society and indicating gendered dimensions of civil society and state. Notwithstanding continued contestation of the theory and practice of civil society across the Middle East, there is a very limited academic literature on how NGOs in general, and women's NGOs in particular, can contribute to the field of meaning around civil society. In this paper, I aim to respond to this gap in the literature by focusing on the voices of women activists in Turkey on the concept of civil society and identifying whether and in what ways they produce alternative understandings that may contest gendered hegemonic visions of civil society currently circulating in Turkey. For my Turkish case study, I employ feminist critical discourse analysis methodology to make sense of semi-structured interviews conducted with 41 women activists from ten women's organisations including Kemalist, Islamic, Kurdish, feminist and anti-capitalist groups. I make two main sets of empirical arguments about this data. The first is that members of women's organizations in Turkey articulate at least seven discourses of civil society, with organizations often circulating several simultaneously and with discourses cutting across different organizations in ways that belie what are often seen as fundamental ideological differences and contestations in the Turkish context. The second is that, while most of the discourses produced by the women activists mirror to some degree the liberal democratic ideals of civil society such as voluntarism, autonomy and mediation, they also contest that hegemonic articulation, whether by critiquing non-oppositional, hierarchic and nondemocratic civil society practices or rejecting "civil society activism", which would produce alternative resistance points

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