Türkiye’nin Virüs Savar Bitkisi Laden (Cistus spp.) Türleri: Geleneksel Kullanımları, Biyoaktif Kimyasal Bileşenleri ve Farmakolojik Aktiviteleri

Cistaceae familyasından olan Cistus (Laden) türleri; çok yıllık, çalı formunda, beyaz veya pembe çiçekli, genellikle Orta Doğu Akdeniz (Fransa ve İber Yarımadası hariç), Kuzey Afrika ve Batı Asya’da yayılım gösteren bitki türleridir. C. creticus L. (sinonim Cistus x incanus subsp. creticus (L.) Hetwood), C. salviifolius L., C. parviflorus Lam., C. monspeliensis L. ve C. laurifolius L. türleri Türkiye florasında doğal olarak yetişmekte olan, ekonomik ve endüstriyel öneme sahip laden taksonlarıdır. Bu bitkiler; halk arasında ‘laden’, ‘laden otu’, ‘kaya gülü’, ‘pamukla’, ‘pamukluk’, ‘pamuk otu’, ‘davşanotu’, ‘karağan’ ve ‘tavşançalısı’ olarak bilinmektedir. Laden türlerinin yaprakları, çiçekleri, tohumları rezin ve uçucu yağları; Anadolu Halk Hekimliğinde, infüzyon halinde kabızlık giderici, uyarıcı, balgam söktürücü, mide ve romatizmal hastalıkların tedavisinde, ayrıca mikroorganizma enfeksiyonlarına karşı koruyucu ve tedavi edici olarak yüzyıllardır geleneksel olarak kullanılmaktadır. Cistus türleri ihtiva ettikleri quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-metil eter, apigenin, luteolin, aesculin, flavan-3-ol ve proantosiyanidin gibi oldukça farklı fitokimyasal içeriğe sahip olup, içerdiği bu doğal bileşikler sayesinde tıp alanında kullanımlarına yönelik antiviral, antimikrobiyal, antifungal, antioksidan, antienflamatuvar, antispazmodik ve antidiyabetik özelliklere sahip olduğunu rapor eden birçok bilimsel çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede; ülkemizin en önemli virüs savar bitkilerinden olan Cistus türlerinin Anadolu geleneksel halk hekimliğindeki kullanımlarının yanı sıra; fitokimyasal bileşimleri, farmakokinetikleri, farmakolojik ve biyolojik aktiviteleri bilimsel veriler ışığında kapsamlı olarak sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Cistus spp., Laden, Şifalı bitki, Antiviral, Anadolu Halk Hekimliği

Rockrose (Cistus spp.) Species as Turkey’s Virus Repellent Plants: Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Components and Pharmacological Activities

Cistus (Rockrose) species from the Cistaceae family; perennial, bush-shaped, with white or pink flowers, generally spread in the Middle East Mediterranean (except France and Iberian Peninsula), North Africa and Western Asia. C. creticus L. (sinonim Cistus x incanus subsp. creticus (L.) Hetwood), C. salviifolius L., C. parviflorus Lam., C. monspeliensis L. and C. laurifolius L. species, growing naturally in Turkey flora, have economic and industrial importance. Cistus species are traditionally known as ‘laden’, ‘laden otu’, ‘kaya gülü’, ‘pamukla’, ‘pamukluk’, ‘pamuk otu’, ‘davşanotu’, ‘karağan’ and ‘tavşançalısı’ in different parts of Turkey. Leaves, flowers, seeds, resin and essential oils of Rockrose species have been traditionally used for centuries as infusions for laxative, stimulant, expectorant, treatment of stomach and rheumatic diseases as well as preventive and therapeutic against microorganism infections in the Anatolian folk medicine. Cistus species have quite different phytochemical contents such as quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-methyl ether, apigenin, luteolin, aesculin, flavan-3-ol and proanthocyanidin, and there are many scientific studies reporting that they possess antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antidiabetic properties. In this review; traditional uses, phytochemical compositions, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological and biological activities of Cistus species, one of the most important antiviral plants in Anatolian traditional medicine, are presented in the light of scientific literature.

Keywords:

Cistus spp., Rockrose, Medicinal plant, Antiviral, Anatolian Folk Medicine,

PDF

___

1. Baytop T. Türkiye’de bitkilerle tedavi – Geçmişte ve bugün, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, İlaveli II. Baskı, 1999; İstanbul.
2. Kim C, Kim B. Anti-cancer natural products and their bioactive compounds inducing ER stress-mediated apoptosis: A review. Nutrients 2018;10(8):1-29.
3. Sekeroglu N, Gezici S. Coronavirus pandemic and some Turkish medicinal plants. Anatol Clin J Med Sci 2020;25(Special issue on COVID19):163-82.
4. Jellin JM, et al. Pharmacist’s letter/prescriber’s letter natural medicines comprehensive database. 4th ed. Stockton, CA: Therapeutic Research Facility 2002;103-5.
5. Shan M, et al. A review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of geniposide, a natural product. Molecules 2017;22(10):1689-1718.
6. Enquist LW. Virology in the 21st century. J Virol 2009;83(11):5296-308.
7. Leal ÉDS, Zanotto PMDA. Viral diseases and human evolution. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2000;95:193-200.
8. Gezici S, Sekeroglu N. Novel SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-2019 outbreak: Current perspectives on plant-based antiviral agents and complementary therapy. Ind J Pharm Educ Res 2020;54(3s):442-56.
9. NIH (National Institutes of Health) / U.S. National Library of Medicine, COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. 2020. Accessed from; https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus. Accessed date 28 December, 2020.
10. Woolhouse M, et al. Human viruses: discovery and emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012;367(1604): 2864-71.
11. Cheever FS, et al. A murine virus (JHM) causing disseminated encephalomyelitis with extensive destruction of myelin: ı. isolation and biological properties of the virus. J Exp Med 1949;90(3):181.
12. Geller C, Varbanov M, Duval RE. Human coronaviruses: insights into environmental resistance and its influence on the development of new antiseptic strategies. Viruses 2012;4(11):3044-68.
13. Walsh EE, Shin JH, Falsey AR. Clinical impact of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 infection in diverse adult populations. J Infect Dis 2013;208(10):1634-42.
14. Pillaiyar T, Meenakshisundaram S, Manickam M. Recent discovery and development of inhibitors targeting coronaviruses. Drug Discov Today 2020;1-21.
15. Greenwell M, Rahman PKSM. Medicinal plants: their use in anticancer treatment. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2015;4103.
16. Roy A, Jauhari N, Bharadvaja N. Medicinal plants as anticancer plants: natural products and biotechnological implements. 2018;2:109-139, Springer, Singapore.
17. Fang X, et al. Chemical constituents from the leaves of Cistus parviflorus. J Chin Pharm Sci 2018;27(1):40-50.
18. Lahcen SA, et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Moroccan Cistus creticus leaves. Chem Data Collec 2020;26:100346.
19. TPL (The Plant List) Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; Accessed from; http://www.theplantlist.org/ http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Cistaceae/ Accessed date: 11 November, 2020.
20. Bown D. Encyclopedia of herbs and their uses, the herb society of America, 2004;167:16-8, Darling, Kindersley, London.
21. Politeo O, et al. Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of wild growing Cistus species in Croatia. Nat Prod Commun 2018;13(6):771-4.
22. TUBIVES (Türkiye Bitkileri Veri Servisi) Version 2.0 BETA. Accessed from; http://www.tubives.com/ Accessed date 11 December, 2020.
23. Kuchta K, et al. The old pharmaceutical oleoresin labdanum of Cistus creticus L. exerts pronounced in vitro anti-dengue virus activity. J Ethnopharm 2019;112316.
24. Papaefthimiou D, et al. Genus Cistus: a model for exploring labdane-type diterpenes' biosynthesis and a natural source of high value products with biological, aromatic, and pharmacological properties. Front Chem 2014;2: 35.
25. Rauwald HW, et al. Labdanum and Labdanes of Cistus creticus and C. ladanifer: Anti-Borrelia activity and its phytochemical profiling. Phytomed 2019;60:152977.
26. Sahraoui R, Djellali S, Chakera AN. Morphological, anatomical, secondary metabolites investigation and physicochemical analysis of Cistus creticus. Pharm Commun 2013;3(4):58-63.
27. Gurbuz P, et al. Simultaneous determination of selected flavonoids from different Cistus species by HPLC-PDA. Marmara Pharm J 2018;22(3):405-10.
28. Coode MJE, et al. (Ed.). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. 1988; 10, Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh, UK. 61p
29. Stępień A, Aebisher D, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Biological properties of “Cistus species”. Eur J Clin Exp Med 2018;16(2):127-32.
30. Stępień AE, Ewa A. Cytotoxic and anti-cancer activity of the Cistus species of herbal plants. Eur J Clin Exp Med 2017;(2):165-8.
31. Kilic DD, et al. Antibacterial, Antioxidant and DNA İnteraction Properties of Cistus creticus L. Extracts. J Int Environ Appl Sci 2019;14(3):110-5.
32. Jeszka-Skowron M, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Frankowski R. Cistus incanus a promising herbal tea rich in bioactive compounds: LC–MS/MS determination of catechins, flavonols, phenolic acids and alkaloids—A comparison with Camellia sinensis, Rooibos and Hoan Ngoc herbal tea. J Food Compos Anal 2018;74:71-81.
33. Kalus U, et al. Cistus incanus (CYSTUS052) for treating patients with infection of the upper respiratory tract A prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical study. Antiviral Res 2009;84:267-71.
34. Guvenc A, et al. Antimicrobiological studies on Turkish Cistus species. Pharm Biol. 2005;43(2):178-83.
35. Mastino PM, et al. Analysis and potential antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds in the extracts of Cistus creticus subspecies from Sardinia. J Nat Prod 2018a;8(3):166-74.
36. Mastino PM, et al. Interpopulation variability in the essential oil composition of Cistus creticus subsp. eriocephalus from Sardinia. Chem Biodivers 2018b;15(9):e1800151.
37. Rebaya A, et al. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of ethanol extracts of Halimium halimifolium, Cistus salviifolius and Cistus monspeliensis. Int J Pharm Clin Res 2016a;8(4):243-7.
38. Rebaya A, et al. Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential of rokrose (Cistus salviifolius) leaves and flowers grown in Tunisia. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 2016b;8:327-31.
39. Nadjet M, et al. Study of the chemical composition, antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cistus salviifolius from Tissemsilt National Park (Algeria) and influence of the drying period in the shade on the yield of this oil. South Asian J Exp Biol 2020;9(6):238-44.
40. Atsalakis E, et al. Evaluation of phenolic compounds in Cistus creticus bee pollen from Greece. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Nat Prod Commun 2017;12(11):1934578X1701201141.
41. Sayah K, et al. Antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential of Cistus salviifolius (L.) and Cistus monspeliensis (L.) aerial parts extracts against key enzymes linked to hyperglycemia. BioMed Res Int 2017a; 2017:1-7.
42. Sayah K, et al. In vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Cistus salviifolius (L.) and Cistus monspeliensis (L.) aqueous extracts. S Afr J Bot 2017b;113:160-3.