The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between cervical and thoracal disc herniations and the formation and activity of plaques in relapsing-remitting (R-R) multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. A retrospective study on R-R type MS diagnosed patients who also had cervical and thoracal disc herniations was carried out. 185 cervical and 136 thoracic in total 321 MR images of 104 (42 men, 62 women) MS patients with R-R type were evaluated retrospectively. In statistical analysis, significant relation (p
___
1. Marrie R, Horwitz RI. Emerging effects of comorbidities on multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(8):820-8.
2. Freedman MS. Improving long-term follow-up studies of immunomodulatory therapies. Neurology. 2011;76(1 Suppl 1):S35-8.
3. Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2002;359(9313):1221–31.
4. Confavreux C, Aimard G, Devic M. Course and prognosis of multiple sclerosis assessed by the computerized data processing of 349 patients. Brain. 1980;103(2):281-300.
5. Lublin FD, Reingold SC. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. Neurology. 1996;46(4):907-11.
6. Barbagallo GM, Marshman LA, Hardwidge C, Gullan RW. Thoracic idiopathic spinal cord herniation at the vertebral body level: a subgroup with a poor prognosis? Case reports and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 2002;97(3 suppl):369–74.
7. Levine GJ, Cook JR, Kerwin SC, Mankin J, Griffin JF, Fosgate GT, Levine JM. Relationships between cerebrospinal fluid characteristics, injury severity, and functional outcome in dogs with and without intervertebral disk herniation. Vet Clin Pathol. 2014;43(3):437–46.
8. Hansen HJ. A pathologic-anatomical interpretation of disc degeneration in dogs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1951;20(4):280–93.
9. Griffiths IR. A syndrome produced by dorso-lateral “explosions” of the cervical intervertebral discs. Vet Rec. 1970;87(24):737–41.
10. Beltran E, Dennis R, Doyle V, de Stefani A, Holloway A, de Risio L. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of canine compressive cervical myelopathy with suspected hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion. J Small Anim Pract. 2012;53(2):101–7.
11. Tracy JA, Bartleson JD. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurologist. 2010;16(3):176-87.
12. Mohr DC, Hart SL, Julian L, Cox D, Pelletier D. Association between stressful life events and exacerbation in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. BMJ. 2004;328(7442):731.
13. Shedid D, Benzel EC. Cervical spondylosis anatomy: pathophysiology and biomechanics. Neurosurgery 2007;60(1 Supp1 1):S7–13.
14. Brain R, Wilkinson M. The association of cervical spondylosis and disseminated sclerosis. Brain. 1957;80(4):456–78.
15. Rudick RA, Cohen JA, Weinstock-Guttman B, Kinkel RP, Ransohoff RM. Management of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J. Med. 1997;337(22):1604–11.
16. Milo R, Miller A. Revised diagnostic criteria of multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun. Rev. 2014;13(4-5):518-24.
17. Poser C. Trauma to the central nervous system may result in formation or enlargement of multiple sclerosis plaques. Arch Neurol. 2000;57(7):1074–6.
18. Charcot JM. In: Lectures on the diseases of the nervous system. New Sydenham Society, London; 1879;157–222.
19. Mosher DF. In: Fibronectin. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, 1989.
20. Xia M, Zhu Y. Fibronectin fragment activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) increasing integrin alpha (5) and beta (1) subunit expression to degenerate nucleus pulposus cells. J Orthop Res. 2011;29(4):556–61.
21. Ruel N, Markova DZ, Adams SL, Scanzello C, Szabo CSG, Gerard D, Shi P, Anderson DG, Zack M, An HS, Chen D, Zhang Y. Fibronectin fragments and the cleaving enzyme ADAM-8 in the degenerative human intervertebral disc. Spine. 2014;39(16):1274–79.
22. Harlow DE, Macklin WB. Inhibitors of myelination: ECM changes, CSPGs and PTPs. Exp Neurol. 2014;251:39–46.
23. Sobel RA, Mitchell ME. Fibronectin in multiple sclerosis lesions. Am J Pathol. 1989;135(1):161–8