A lot of mechanisms play major role in the myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MI/R), especially reactive oxygen species (ROS) which they formed rapidly when molecular oxygen enters into the cell. Melatonin, major hormone of the pineal gland, has very strong antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects. Besides, melatonin plays an important role in the regulation of various body functions including circadien sleep rhythms, blood pressure, oncogenesis, retinal function, and immunity. It can be possible to say that oxidative stress occurs during MI/R and melatonin administration exerts an infarct size limiting effect, antiapoptic, antiarryhtmic effects and enhances antioxidant activity of the heart.
___
1. Zimmerman BJ, Granger DN. Reperfusion injury. Surg Clin North Am. 1992;72(1):65-83.
2. Wilhelm J. Metabolic aspects of membrane lipid peroxidation. Acta Univ Carol Med Monogr. 1990;137:1-53.
3. Harman AW, Maxwell MJ. An evaluation of the role of calcium in cell injury. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1995;35:129-44.
4. Kukreja RC, Hess ML. The oxygen free radical system: from equations through membrane protein interactions to cardiovascular injury and protection. Cardiovasc Res. 1992;26(7):641-55.
5. Jennings RB, Ganote GB, Kloner RA, Whalen DA, Hamilton DG. Explosive swelling of myocardial cells irreversibly injured by transient ischemia. In: Recent Advances in Studies on Cardiac Structure and Metabolism. Vol 6: Pathophysiology and Morphology of Myocardial Cell Alteration. Baltimore, Md: University Park Press. 1975:405-13.
6. Dhallaa NS, Elmoselhia AB, Hatac T, Makino N. Status of myocardial antioxidants in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;47(3):446-56.
7. Ceconi C, Cargnoni A, Pasini E, Condorelli E, Curello S, Ferrari R. Evaluation of phospholipid peroxidation as malondialdehyde during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol. 1991;260(4 Pt 2):1057-61.
8. Brezinski A. Mechanisms of disease: Melatonin in humans. N England J Med. 1997;336:186-95.
9. Reiter RJ. The melatonin rhythm: Both a clock and a calendar. Experientia. 1993;49(8):654-64.
10. Tan DX, Manchester LC, Hardeland R, Lopez Burillo S, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: a hormone, a tissue factor, an autocoid, a paracoid, and an antioxidant vitamin. J Pineal Res. 2003;34(1):75-8.
11. Sprenger J, Hardeland R, Fuhrberg B, Han SZ. Melatonin and other 5-methoxylated indoles in yeast: Presence in high concentrations and dependence on tryptophan availability. Cytologia. 1999;64:209-13.
12. Hardeland R, Poeggeler B. Non-vertebrate melatonin. J. Pineal Res. 2003;34(4):233- 41.
13. Reiter RJ. The aging pineal and its physiological consequences. BioEssays. 1992;14(3):169-75.
14. Parlakpinar H, Sahna E, Ozer MK, Ozugurlu F, Vardi N, Acet A. Physiological and pharmacological concentrations of melatonin protect against cisplatin-induced acute renal injury. J Pineal Res. 2002;33(3):161-6.
15. Sahna E, Parlakpinar H, Turkoz Y, Acet A. Effects of melatonin on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion-induced infarct size and oxidative stress. Physiol Res 2005;54(5):491-5.
16. Parlakpinar H, Orum MH, Sagir M. Pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury: A review. Med Science. 2013;2(4):935-54.
17. Parlakpinar H, Sahna E, Ozgen U, Mizrak B, Acet A. Protective role of melatonin on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion-triggered apoptosis. Proceedings of the Turkish Pharmacological Society,17th National Congress of Pharmacology, 1st Clinical Pharmacology Symposium, Joint Meeting of the Turkish & Dutch. Pharmacological Societies; 17-21 October 2003. Antalya, Turkey.
18. Reiter RJ, Tan DX. Melatonin: A novel protective agent against oxidative injury of the ischemic-reperfused heart. Cardiovascular Research. 2003;58(1):10-9.
19. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Kim SJ, Wenbo QI. Melatonin as a pharmacological agent against oxidative damage to lipids and DNA. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 1998;41:229-36.
20. Lee YM, Chen HR, Hsiao G, Sheu JR, Wang JJ, Yen MH. Protective effects of melatonin on myocardial ischemia / reperfusion injury in vivo. J Pineal Res. 2002;33(2):72-80.
21. Ceyran H, Narin F, Narin N, Akgun H, Ceyran AB, Ozturk F, Akcali Y. The effect of high dose melatonin on cardiac ischemia- reperfusion Injury. Yonsei Med J. 2008;49(5):735-41.
22. Genade S, Ytrehus K, Lochner A. Melatonin prevents cardioprotection induced by a multi-cycle ischaemic preconditioning protocol in the isolated perfused rat heart. Cardiovasc J S Afr. 2006;17(5):239-44.
23. Chen Z, Chua CC, Gao J, Chua K-W, Ho Y-S, Hamdy RC, Chua BHL. Prevention of ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac apoptosis and injury by melatonin is independent of glutathione peroxdiase 1. J Pineal Res. 2009;46(2):235-41.
24. Dobsak P, Siegelova J, Eicher JC, Jancik J, Svacinova H, Vasku J, Kuchtickova S, Horky M, Wolf JE. Melatonin protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury and inhibits apoptosis in isolated working rat heart. Pathophysiology. 2003;9(3):179-87.
25. Galijasevic S, Abdulhamid I, Abu-Soud HM. Melatonin is a potent inhibitor for myeloperoxidase. Biochemistry. 2008;47(8):2668-77.
26. Sahna E, Olmez E, Acet A. Effects of physiological and pharmacological concentrations of melatonin on ischemia-reperfusion arrhythmias in rats: Can the incidence of sudden cardiac death be reduced? J Pineal Res. 2002;32(3):194-8.
27. Sahna E, Acet A, Ozer MK, Olmez E. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats: Reduction of infarct size by either supplemental physiological or pharmacological doses of melatonin. J Pineal Res. 2002;33(4):234-8.
28. Kacmaz A, Sehirli AO, Tilki M, Ozkan S, Sener G. Protective effect of melatonin against ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative remote organ injury in the rat. Surg Today. 2005;35(9):744-50.
29. Parlakpinar H, Ozer MK, Sahna E, Acet A. Attenuation of ischemiareperfusioninduced myocardial infarct size in rats by aminoguanidine. 6th Congress of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 24-28 June 2003. Istanbul, Turkey.
30. Esrefoglu M, Gul M, Parlakpinar H, Acet A. Effects of melatonin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on testicular injury induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2005;19(3):365-72.
31. Jahovic N, Cevik H, Sehirli AO, Yegen BC, Sener G. Melatonin prevents methotrexate-induced hepatorenal oxidative injury in rats. J Pineal Res. 2003;34(4):282-7.
32. Sahna E, Parlakpinar H, Ozer MK, Ozturk F, Ozugurlu F, Acet A. Melatonin protects against myocardial doxorubicin toxicity in rats: role of physiological concentrations. J Pineal Res. 2003;35(4):257-61.