An updated overview of periodontal health in chronic diseases

Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by periodontal ligament loss and destruction of the alveolar bone, affecting the periodontium. Chronic diseases are complex diseases that vary regarding their causes and effects on society, some of which cause death, while others are long-term and unable to recover without treatment, which results with loss of function. There is much evidence showing the relationship between periodontal diseases and chronic diseases. Periodontitis is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Poor oral hygiene, especially periodontal disease, increases the risk of CVD. The relationship between periodontal infection and DM has been reported in many studies. In particular, there are studies showing that periodontal disease increases insulin resistance, which plays a role in the pathogenesis of DM. It has been demonstrated that dramatically increasing obesity worldwide is a risk factor for periodontal disease. Oxidative stress can be an intersection point for obesity and periodontal disease. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that causes many serious complications and requires many physical and psychological problems to be solved. Similar to periodontal diseases, the level of proinflammatory cytokines is increased in RA patients. Similarly, studies have shown that there is a close and complex link between periodontal disease and chronic kidney disease. The patients with periodontitis have an increased risk of chronic renal failure, and there is evidence that periodontal treatment has positive results in these patients. Periodontal diseases have been associated with increased cancer risk and region-specific cancers, but the mechanism is not precise yet. In this review, the relationship between periodontal diseases and chronic diseases and the effects of oral health on chronic diseases will be evaluated.

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