ÇİĞDEM TEKİN, SUAT TEKİN, SÜLEYMAN SANDAL

A new member of the myokine family: Irisin

Skeletal muscle is an important tissue which functions as an endocrine organ and secretes the factors called myokine. Irisin is a thermogenic peptide which has been recently defined as a new myokine. The physiological roles of these peptides have been revealed in recent studies. The purpose of this review is to explain the known physiological roles of irisin

PDF

___

1. Pedersen BK, Akerstrom TC, Nielsen AR, Fischer CP. Role of myokines in exercise and metabolism. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007;103(3):1093-8.

2. Bostrom P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, Rasbach KA, Bostrom EA, Choi JH, Long JZ, Kajimura S, Zingaretti MC, Vind BF, Tu H, Cinti S, Hojlund K, Gygi SP, Spiegelman BM. A PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012;481(7382):463-8.

3. Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiol Rev. 2008;88(4):1379- 406.

4. Tekin S, Erden Y, Sandal S, Yilmaz B. Is Irisin an Anticarcinogenic Peptide? Med-Science. 2015;4(2):2172-80.

5. Provatopoulou X, Georgiou GP, Kalogera E, Kalles V, Matiatou MA, Papapanagiotou I, Sagkriotis A, Zografos GC, Gounaris A. Serum irisin levels are lower in patients with breast cancer: association with disease diagnosis and tumor characteristics. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:898.

6. Schumacher MA, Chinnam N, Ohashi T, Shah RS, Erickson HP. The structure of irisin reveals a novel intersubunit beta-sheet fibronectin type III (FNIII) dimer: implications for receptor activation. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(47):33738-44.

7. Huh JY, Panagiotou G, Mougios V, Brinkoetter M, Vamvini MT, Schneider BE, Mantzoros CS. FNDC5 and irisin in humans: I. Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II. mRNA expression and circulating concentrations in response to weight loss and exercise. Metabolism. 2012;61(12):1725-38.

8. Dun SL, Lyu RM, Chen YH, Chang JK, Luo JJ, Dun NJ. Irisinimmunoreactivity in neural and non-neural cells of the rodent. Neuroscience. 2013;240:155-62.

9. Aydin S, Kuloglu T, Eren MN, Celik A, Yilmaz M, Kalayci M, Sahin I, Gungor O, Gurel A, Ogeturk M, Dabak O. Cardiac, skeletal muscle and serum irisin responses to with or without water exercise in young and old male rats: cardiac muscle produces more irisin than skeletal muscle. Peptides. 2014;52:68-73.

10. Aydin S, Kuloglu T, Yilmaz M, Kalayci M, Sahin I, Cicek D. Alterations of irisin concentrations in saliva and serum of obese and normal-weight subjects, before and after 45 min of a Turkish bath or running. Peptides. 2013;50:13-8.

11. Park MJ, Kim DI, Choi JH, Heo YR, Park SH. New role of irisin in hepatocytes: The protective effect of hepatic steatosis in vitro. Cell Signal. 2015;27(9):1831-9.

12. Handschin C, Spiegelman BM. The role of exercise and PGC1alpha in inflammation and chronic disease. Nature. 2008;454(7203):463-9.

13. Austin S, St-Pierre J. PGC1alpha and mitochondrial metabolism-- emerging concepts and relevance in ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. J Cell Sci. 2012;125(Pt 21):4963-71.

14. Aydin S. Three new players in energy regulation: preptin, adropin and irisin. Peptides. 2014;56:94-110.

15. Erickson HP. Irisin and FNDC5 in retrospect: An exercise hormone or a transmembrane receptor? Adipocyte. 2013;2(4):289- 93.

16. Kraemer RR, Shockett P, Webb ND, Shah U, Castracane VD. A transient elevated irisin blood concentration in response to prolonged, moderate aerobic exercise in young men and women. Horm Metab Res. 2014;46(2):150-4.

17. Moraes C, Leal VO, Marinho SM, Barroso SG, Rocha GS, Boaventura GT, Mafra D. Resistance exercise training does not affect plasma irisin levels of hemodialysis patients. Horm Metab Res. 2013;45(12):900-4.

18. Pekkala S, Wiklund PK, Hulmi JJ, Ahtiainen JP, Horttanainen M, Pollanen E, Makela KA, Kainulainen H, Hakkinen K, Nyman K, Alen M, Herzig KH, Cheng S. Are skeletal muscle FNDC5 gene expression and irisin release regulated by exercise and related to health? J Physiol. 2013;591(Pt 21):5393-400.

19. Hecksteden A, Wegmann M, Steffen A, Kraushaar J, Morsch A, Ruppenthal S, Kaestner L, Meyer T. Irisin and exercise training in humans - results from a randomized controlled training trial. BMC Medicine. 2013;11:235.

20. Norheim F, Langleite TM, Hjorth M, Holen T, Kielland A, Stadheim HK, Gulseth HL, Birkeland KI, Jensen J, Drevon CA. The effects of acute and chronic exercise on PGC-1alpha, irisin and browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans. FEBS. 2014;281(3):739-49.

21. Castillo-Quan JI. Parkin' control: regulation of PGC-1alpha through PARIS in Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech. 2011;4(4):427-9.

22. Cui L, Jeong H, Borovecki F, Parkhurst CN, Tanese N, Krainc D. Transcriptional repression of PGC-1alpha by mutant huntingtin leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Cell. 2006;127(1):59-69.

23. Lin J, Wu PH, Tarr PT, Lindenberg KS, St-Pierre J, Zhang CY, Mootha VK, Jager S, Vianna CR, Reznick RM, Cui L, Manieri M, Donovan MX, Wu Z, Cooper MP, Fan MC, Rohas LM, Zavacki AM, Cinti S, Shulman GI, Lowell BB, Krainc D, Spiegelman BM. Defects in adaptive energy metabolism with CNS-linked hyperactivity in PGC-1alpha null mice. Cell. 2004;119(1):121-35.

24. Hashemi MS, Ghaedi K, Salamian A, Karbalaie K, Emadi-Baygi M, Tanhaei S, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Baharvand H. Fndc5 knockdown significantly decreased neural differentiation rate of mouse embryonic stem cells. Neuroscience. 2013;231:296-304.

25. Moon HS, Dincer F, Mantzoros CS. Pharmacological concentrations of irisin increase cell proliferation without influencing markers of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in mouse H19-7 hippocampal cell lines. Metabolism. 2013;62(8):1131-6.

26. O'Bryant SE, Hobson V, Hall JR, Waring SC, Chan W, Massman P, Lacritz L, Cullum CM, Diaz-Arrastia R. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;17(2):337-41.

27. Wrann CD, White JP, Salogiannnis J, Laznik-Bogoslavski D, Wu J, Ma D, Lin JD, Greenberg ME, Spiegelman BM. Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1alpha/FNDC5 pathway. Cell Metab. 2013;18(5):649-59.

28. Spiegelman BM. Banting Lecture 2012: Regulation of adipogenesis: toward new therapeutics for metabolic disease. Diabetes. 2013;62(6):1774-82.

29. Erickson KI, Weinstein AM, Lopez OL. Physical activity, brain plasticity, and Alzheimer's disease. Arch Med Res. 2012;43(8):615-21.

30. Mattson Mark P. Energy Intake and Exercise as Determinants of Brain Health and Vulnerability to Injury and Disease. Cell Metab. 2012;16(6):706-22.

31. Erden Y, Tekin S, Sandal S, Onalan EE, Tektemur A, Kirbag S. Effects of central irisin administration on the uncoupling proteins in rat brain. Neurosci Lett. 2016;618:6-13.

32. Tekin S, Erden Y, Colak C, Sandal S. Effects of chronic central administration of irisin on food intake, body weight and body temperature in the rats. Acta Physiol. 2014;211:138.

33. Novelle MG, Contreras C, Romero-Pico A, Lopez M, Dieguez C. Irisin, two years later. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:746281.

34. Kuzmicki M, Telejko B, Lipinska D, Pliszka J, Szamatowicz M, Wilk J, Zbucka-Kretowska M, Laudanski P, Kretowski A, Gorska M, Szamatowicz J. Serum irisin concentration in women with gestational diabetes. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2014;30(9):636-9.

35. Zhang M, Chen P, Chen S, Sun Q, Zeng QC, Chen JY, Liu YX, Cao XH, Ren M, Wang JK. The association of new inflammatory markers with type 2 diabetes mellitus and macrovascular complications: a preliminary study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18(11):1567-72.

36. Yan B, Shi X, Zhang H, Pan L, Ma Z, Liu S, Liu Y, Li X, Yang S, Li Z. Association of serum irisin with metabolic syndrome in obese Chinese adults. PloS One. 2014;9(4):e94235.

37. Moreno-Navarrete JM, Ortega F, Serrano M, Guerra E, Pardo G, Tinahones F, Ricart W, Fernandez-Real JM. Irisin is expressed and produced by human muscle and adipose tissue in association with obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(4):769-78.

38. Zhang C, Ding Z, Lv G, Li J, Zhou P, Zhang J. Lower irisin level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case-control study and meta-analysis. J Diabetes. 2016;8(1):56-62.

39. Choi YK, Kim MK, Bae KH, Seo HA, Jeong JY, Lee WK, Kim JG, Lee IK, Park KG. Serum irisin levels in new-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;100(1):96-101.

40. Yuksel MA, Oncul M, Tuten A, Imamoglu M, Acikgoz AS, Kucur M, Madazli R. Maternal serum and fetal cord blood irisin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014; 104(1):171-5.

41. Piya MK, Harte AL, Sivakumar K, Tripathi G, Voyias PD, James S, Sabico S, Al-Daghri NM, Saravanan P, Barber TM, Kumar S, Vatish M, McTernan PG. The Identification of Irisin in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid: Influence of Adiposity, Metabolic Markers and Gestational Diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 1;306(5):E512-8

42. Crujeiras AB, Zulet MA, Lopez-Legarrea P, de la Iglesia R, Pardo M, Carreira MC, Martinez JA, Casanueva FF. Association between circulating irisin levels and the promotion of insulin resistance during the weight maintenance period after a dietary weightlowering program in obese patients. Metabolism. 2014;63(4):520- 31.

43. Brailoiu E, Deliu E, Sporici RA, Brailoiu GC. Irisin evokes bradycardia by activating cardiac-projecting neurons of nucleus ambiguus. Physiol Rep. 2015;3(6):e12419.

44. Zhang W, Chang L, Zhang C, Zhang R, Li Z, Chai B, Li J, Chen E, Mulholland M. Central and peripheral irisin differentially regulate blood pressure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2015;29(2):121-7.

45. Sandal S, Tekin S, Erden Y, Ozyalin F. Is there any relationship between irisin and thyroid hormones? Acta Physiol. 2015;215:133.

46. Tekin S, Erden Y, Sandal S, Ozyalin F, Colak C. The alterations in serum ghrelin and leptin levels after intracerebroventricularly irisin infusion in rats. Acta Physiol. 2015;215:94.

47. Zhang H-J, Zhang X-F, Ma Z-M, Pan L-L, Chen Z, Han H-W, Han C-K, Zhuang X-J, Lu Y, Li X-J, Yang S-Y, Li X-Y. Irisin is inversely associated with intrahepatic triglyceride contents in obese adults. J Hepatol. 2013;59(3):557-62.

48. Crujeiras AB, Pardo M, Arturo RR, Santiago NC, Zulet MA, Martinez JA, Casanueva FF. Longitudinal variation of circulating irisin after an energy restriction-induced weight loss and following weight regain in obese men and women. Am J Hum Biol. 2014;26(2):198-207.

49. Stengel A, Hofmann T, Goebel-Stengel M, Elbelt U, Kobelt P, Klapp BF. Circulating levels of irisin in patients with anorexia nervosa and different stages of obesity – Correlation with body mass index. Peptides. 2013;39(0):125-30.

50. Moreno-Navarrete JM, Ortega F, Serrano M, Guerra E, Pardo G, Tinahones F, Ricart W, Fernandez-Real JM. Irisin ıs expressed and produced by human muscle and adipose tissue in association with obesity and ınsulin resistance. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2013;98(4):E769-E78.

51. Tekin S, Erden Y, Beytur A, Çiğremiş Y, Sandal S, Türköz Y, Tekedereli İ, Beytur A. A novel effective myokine in the control of reproduction behaviour; Irisin. Acta Physiol. 2016;218:8-25.

52. Elsen M, Raschke S, Eckel J. Browning of white fat: does irisin play a role in humans? J Endocrinol. 2014;222(1):R25-R38.

53. Tekin S, Sandal S, Erden Y, Önalan EE, Çolak C. Does Irisin Affect Uncoupling Protein Levels in Fat and MuscleTissues? Acta Physiol. 2016;218:26-91.

54. Argyropoulos G, Harper ME. Uncoupling proteins and thermoregulation. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002;92(5):2187-98.