Birleşik Krallık’ın Avrupa Birliği’nden Ayrılma Referandumu: Brexit Süreci ve Sonuçları

United Kingdom’s Leaving Referendum From the European Union: Brexit

United Kingdom which has an ongoing relationship with the European Union since 1973 has generallyhad problematic relations during the membership process. A country who does not play a part in theearly European integration process keeps wary eye to the process she joins lately. This turbulent anddetached relationship brings the membership process which mostly contains sharp discussions to anunexpected breakpoint. Brexit has been the most important milestone in the United Kingdom-theEuropean Union relations. Therefore, examining the process through Brexit, its reasons and resultswill help understand the issue better. Given this goal, therefore, this study aims to deal with the Brexitprocess in detail and contribute to the existing literature. Process beginning with the reform requestsby Conservative Party in relations with the European Union in 2013 resulted in a referendum with51.9% leaving decision on June 23, 2016. In the Brexit referendum which proceeds from the populistand unreal discourses, Conservative Party and United Kingdom Independence Party have been theactors managing the whole process. Even these two political parties conduct different campaigns onthe EU membership which they turn it into a domestic policy tool; they have eventually completedthe process. Thus, for the first time, a member state decided to enter leaving process in the EuropeanUnion’s history. In this framework, this study initially deals with the historical background of theUnited Kingdom-the European Union relations and causes of Brexit. Then, economic effects of Brexiton United Kingdom and roles of Conservative Party and United Kingdom Independence Party in thisprocess were mentioned. Lastly, leaving process was chronologically examined and the steps of leavingprocess and the progress were shown. The process which happens for the first time in the EU historyhas been shaped by the EU’s relevant institutions joint with the UK’s authorities. Similar to a candidatecountry’s membership process, the leaving negotiations have been going on between the EU and theUK. As a conclusion, it is indicated that Brexit has negative effects on politics and economy of UnitedKingdom. Economic-wise, the study shows that the UK economy has been affected negatively in theshort-run in addition the negative expectations in the long-run. Political-wise, on the other hand,Conservative Party and United Kingdom Independence Party that have taken place in every stage ofthe process have gone up in flames and led their leaders who conducted referendum campaigns toabandon politics. Consequently, after a referendum without an exact winner, it is also unclear whathappens after the Brexit process.

Keywords:

United Kingdom, European Union, Brexit UKIP, Referendum,

PDF

___

Apostolova, V., Lukas, A. Carl, B. Richard, C. Noel, D. Oliver, H. Rod, M. Tom, R & Elise, U. (2017). General Election 2017: Results And Analysis, (2nd Ed.). Briefing Paper Number CBP 7979. Aras, İ. (2015). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Euroseptisizm: Siyasi Partilere Bakış. Bursa: Sentez Yayıncılık. Aras, İ. & Günar, A. (2017). Brexit’in Avrupa Birliği-Türkiye İlişkilerine Etkileri. In T. Arı & Ç. A. Koyuncu (Der.) IX. Uludağ Uluslararası İlişkiler Kongresi: Dünya Politikasında Kriz ve Değişim (ss. 304-320). Bursa: Dora Yayıncılık. Bank of England. (2016). Inflation Report Q&A. Retrieved from http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/ publications/Documents/inflationreport/2016/conf120516.pdf Baykal, S. (2017). AB Antlaşması 50. Maddenin İşletilmesine Giden Süreç: Brexit Referandumu Öncesi Birleşik Krallık İle Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Yeniden Düzenlenmesi Girişimleri Ve Sonuçları. In Avrupa Birliği ve Uluslararası Ekonomik İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı 25. Yıl Armağanı (ss.141-166). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. BBC. (2016). EU Referendum: Brexit Sparks Calls For Other EU Votes. Retrieved from http://www.bbc. com/news/world-europe-36615879 BBC. (t.y.). Results. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/politics/eu_referendum/results BBC Türkçe. (2017a). Brexit Süreci Nasıl İşleyecek?. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberlerdunya- 39329031 BBC Türkçe. (2017b). Brexit Müzakerelerinde 5 Ana Başlık. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/turkce/ haberler-dunya-39430005 BBC Türkçe. (2016). Brexit: Ekonomide ‘Şok Senaryosu’ Devrede. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/ turkce/ekonomi/2016/06/160624_brexit_ekonomi Beck, M. (2016). Brexportgeddon?. Economic Outlook, 40(2), 10-19. Bloomberght. (2016). UKIP Lideri Farage İstifa Etti. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberght.com/haberler/ haber/1892156-ukip-lideri-farage-istifa-etti Borsa Gündem. (2016). Brexit Etkileri Ekonomistleri Böldü. Retrieved from http://www.borsagundem. com/haber/brexit-etkileri-ekonomistleri-boldu/1045538 Cambridge Dictionary, (t.y.). Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ ingilizce/brexit Conservatives (2016). Retrieved from Prime Minister: Britain after Brexit: A Vision of a Global Britain. http://press.conservatives.com/post/151239411635/prime-minister-britain-after-brexit-a-vision-of Elliott, L. (2016, April 27). Brexit Would Cost UK Households £2,200 By 2020, Says OECD. The Guardian. European Commission. (2017). Recommendation for a Council Decision authorising the Commission to open negotiations on an agreement with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal from the European Union. Brussels, 3.5.2017 COM(2017) 218 final. European Commission. (t.y.(a)). European Semester. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/info/businesseconomy- euro/economic-and-fiscal-policy-coordination/eu-economic-governance-monitoringprevention- correction/european-semester_en European Commission. (t.y.(b)). Brexit Negotiations. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/ brexit-negotiations_en European Commission. (t.y. (c)). Negotiating documents on Article 50 negotiations with the United Kingdom. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/brexit-negotiations/negotiatingdocuments- article-50-negotiations-united-kingdom_en EUR-LEX. (t.y.). Opting Out. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/opting_out.html Fishwick, C. (2017, 23 June). Regret And Frustration: How Voters Feel One Year On From The Brexit Referendum. The Guardian. General Secretariat of the Council. (2017). Directives for the negotiation of an agreement with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal from the European Union. Retrieved from http://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21766/directives-forthe- negotiation-xt21016-ad01re02en17.pdf Goodwin, A. (2016). The Short-Term Impact Of Brexit. Economic Outlook, 40(2), 5-9. Goodwin, M. J. & P. Heath, O. (2016). The 2016 Referandum Brexit And The Left Behind: An Aggregate- Level Analysis of The Result. The Political Quarterly, 87(3), 323-332. Gov.uk. (2013). EU speech at Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/euspeech- at-bloomberg Gov.uk. (2017). Prime Minister’s letter to Donald Tusk triggering Article 50. Retrieved from https://www. gov.uk/government/publications/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50 Hobsbawm, E. (2007). Yeni Yüzyılın Eşiğinde. (2. Bs.), söyleşi: Antonio Polito, (İ. Yıldız, Çev.), İstanbul: Yordam Kitap. Howarth, D. & Quaglia, L. (2017). Brexit And The Single European Financial Market. Journal of Common Market Studies, 55(S1), 149-164. IMF. (2016). IMF Survey: Uncertainty Clouds the United Kingdom’s Economic Prospects. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/socar061716a Jensen, M.D. & Snaith, H. (2016). When Politics Prevails: The Political Economy of A Brexit. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(9), 1302-1310. Keçeci, A.İ. (Yay. Haz.) (2017). Brexit Sonrası Birleşik Krallık ve AB’nin Geleceği, İstanbul: Akademos Yayınları. Kierzenkowski, R., Pain, N. Rusticelli, E. & Zwart S. (2016). The Economic Consequences of Brexit: A Taxing Decision. OECD Policy Paper No: 16. Marshall, P. (2013). Forty Years On: Britain in the EU. The Round Table: The Commonwealth. Journal of International Affairs, 102(1), 15-28. McSmith, A. (2016). Brexit, Retrieved from http://businessresearcher.sagepub.com/sbr-1775-100664- 2746203/20160815/brexit Menon, A. & Salter, J.P. (2016). Brexit: Initial Reflections. International Affairs, 92(6), 1297-1318. Middelaar, L. V. (2014). Avrupa: Bir Geçiş Süreci, (B. Çölgeçen, Çev.), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. Morris, N. (2016). Nigel Farage To Brexit Ministers: You’ve Got Five Months To Trigger Article 50. Retrieved from https://inews.co.uk/essentials/news/uk/brexit-nigel-farage-aims-dexit-nex/ Oliver, T. (2016). European and International Views of Brexit. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(9), 1321-1328. Oxford Living Dictionaries, (t.y.) Retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/brexit Reuters. (2016). Slovakian Far Right Party Launches Petition For Referendum On EU Membership. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-outers-slovakia/slovakian-far-rightparty- launches-petition-for-referendum-on-eu-membership-idUSKCN0ZB0DQ Samur, H. (2016). Birleşik Krallık-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri. In Ercüment Tezcan & İlhan Aras (Der.), Avrupa Birliği ve Üye Devletler: AB15 Üzerine Bir İnceleme (ss. 213-260). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık. Scott, S. D. (2016). Brexit Article 50 And The Contested British Constitution. The Modern Law Review, 76(6), 1019-1040. Stewart, H. ve Mason, R. (2016, 16 June). Nigel Farage’s Anti-Migrant Poster Reported To Police. The Guardian. T.C. Başbakanlık Avrupa Birliği Genel Sekreterliği (2011). Avrupa Birliği Antlaşması ve Avrupa Birliği’nin İşleyişi Hakkında Antlaşma. Ankara. Terzi, Ö. (2014). İngiltere’nin Dış Politikası. In Faruk Sönmezoğlu & Özgün Efe Bayır (Der.), Dış Politika: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Bakış (ss. 213-228). İstanbul: Der Yayınları. Thatcher, M. (1994). Başbakanlık Yılları, (G.Şen, Çev.), İstanbul: Sabah Kitapları. The European Council. (t.y.(a)). Conclusions. 18-19/02/2016. Retrieved from http://www.consilium.europa. eu/en/meetings/european-council/2016/02/18-19/ The European Council. (t.y.(b)). Brexit. Retrieved from http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-ukafter- referendum/ The European Council. (2017a). Infographic-Brexit process. Retrieved from http://www.consilium.europa. eu/en/infographics/brexit-process/ The European Council. (2017b). Special meeting of the European Council (Art. 50) (29 April 2017) – Guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/europeancouncil/ 2017/04/29/ The European Council. (2016). Press statement by President Donald Tusk on the outcome of the referendum in the UK. Retrieved from http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/06/24- tusk-statement-uk-referendum/ The Federal Chancellor. (2016). Our historical responsibility for the EU. Retrieved from https://www. bundeskanzlerin.de/Content/EN/Artikel/2016/06_en/2016-06-28-regierungserklaerung_en.html Vardag, A. (2016, 6 July). I Voted For Brexit, But Now I Regret The Terrifying Chaos I Have Unleashed. The Telegraph. Vries, C.E.D. (2017). Benchmarking Brexit: How The British Decision To Leave Shapes EU Public Opinion. Journal of Common Market Studies, 55(S1), 38-53. Welfens, P.J.J. (2017). A Brexit Perspective. The International Economy. 31(3), 40-42.