Batı Avrupa Erken Ortaçağ Tarihinde Kıta Avrupa’sı ve Ada Tarihinde Manor Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Son yıllarda tarih araştırmalarında üst sınıf ve onların siyasi çatışmalarına ilişkin olaylardan ziyade alt sınıf insanların yaşamlarını biçimlendiren iktisadi ve toplumsal güçlere daha çok vurgu yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışma Avrupa’ya özgü olan feodal sistemin ekonomik yönünü oluşturan manor sisteminin ortaya çıkışı üzerine bir değerlendirmedir. Manor olarak adlandırılan toprak sistemi daha çok İngiltere’ye özgü olmakla birlikte, bu sistemin temelleri Kıta Avrupa’sında atılmıştır. On dokuzucuncu yüzyılda başlayan toplumsal tarih anlayışıyla birlikte Kıta Avrupa’sında da, toplumu oluşturan halkların soysa- ekonomik hayatları üzerine yapılan çalışmalar hız kazandı. Yapılan çalışmalar doğrultusunda Avrupa halklarının kökenini oluşturan toplumlar özgür köylüler miydi yoksa serfler miydi? Bu soruya cevap arayan tarihçiler, Romanist ve Germanist olmak üzere iki görüş ortaya attılar. Bu soru ve görüşler etrafında Kıta Avrupa’sı ve oradan da İngiltere’nin Roma İmparatorluğu yıkıldıktan sonra sosyo-ekonomik tarihinde meydana gelen gelişmeler ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmeye başlandı. Elde edilen önemli bilgilerden biri de İngiltere’nin hem iktisadi hem de siyasi tarihini şekillendiren manor sistemiydi. Avrupa’da ise mark teorisi aynı işlevi görmekteydi. Çalışmamızda hem mark teorisi hem de manorun ortaya çıktığı dönem ve bu konuda çalışma yapmış önemli tarihçilerin görüşleri değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Avrupa, İngiltere, Manor, Mark Teorisi, Toprak Sistemi

An Evaluation of the Manor in Continental and Island History in the Early Medieval History of Western Europe

More emphasis is given to the economic and social forces that form the lower class people and their inner political conflicts than the upper classes In the historical researches of the last years. In this study, we evaluate the manor system, which forms the economic aspect of the feudalism of Europe. The manor system, though is rather peculiar to England, was fundamentally a contienental phenomenon. The studies investigating the socio-economic lives of the people increased in number in the continental Europe in accordance with the social history perspective which began in the nineteenth century. One peculiar question emerged: were the lower class people which constituted the majority of Europe free villagers or slaves? Two approaches appered for answering this question. The first one was the so-called ‘Romanist’ and the other was the so-called ‘Germanist’. Accordingly the historical developments of the Europe and the England after the fall of the Roman Empire were scrutinized by these two camps from their own perspectives. One of the major points investigated in the previous studies was the manor system of England. This manor system reshaped the economic and social history of England. The ‘mark’ theory was similar in the European continent. This study investigates the period where both the ‘mark theory and the manor system emerged. The recent scholarship on these issues are also investigated.

Keywords:

Mark’s Theory,

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