INVESTIGATION OF GÜLLÜK (MUĞLA) WETLAND USING STABLE ISOTOPES (δ18O, δD)

Wetlands play an important role in the hydrologic cycle. This investigation was completed to determine the origin of waters and recharge-discharge areas using stable isotopes (δ18O and δD) which are fingerprints of the water in Güllük (Muğla) wetland. This area is important both economically and in terms of aquaculture environment in Turkey. Sample locations were selected from not only wetlands but also the possible recharge area that consists of karstic springs and streams. EC (Electrical Conductivity) of the waters range between 5080-41000 µS/cm, except streams. δ18O and δD contents of the samples ranged from -6.00‰ to 0.50‰ and from -29.1‰ to 2.1‰, respectively. In general, samples plotted between Global and Local Meteoric Water line with waters also plotted on the seawater mixing line. The sources of salinity were evaluated by δ18O-Cl in and around the wetland. Streams are under the influence of “Evaporation”; samples from Avşar and Koruköy are under the influence of “Both Evaporation and Seawater Mixing”; İçme and Ekinambarı springs, and Limni Lake are under the influence of “Seawater Mixing”; and Savran spring and Tuzla Lake are under the influence of “Dissolution of Salts-Leaching” processes. The fact that Savran source plotted in this area raises the question of whether the current sea water is the source of salinity. The recharge area of the wetland consists of karstic formations, sea water, streams and precipitation in the Güllük area.

Keywords:

Güllük, Wetland, Stable Isotope, Salt water intrusion hydrogeology,

PDF

___

Aksoy, R., Aksarı, S., 2008. Elmalı (Antalya, Batı Toroslar) Kuzeyinde Likya Naplarının Jeolojisi. S.Ü. Müh.-Mim. Fak. Dergisi, 23:2, 45-59.
Akat, U., 1975. Menderes Masifi Güneyi GB Toros Kuşağı İlişkisi, (Ön Rapor), MTA Raporu, No. 5488, 58s.
Altınsaçlı, S., Altınsaçlı, S., Paçal, F.S., 2015. Diversity, species composition and habitat preferences of Ostracoda (Crustacea) in seven karstic springs of varying salinity in Milas (Muğla, Turkey). International Journal of Fisheries and Aqutatic Studies 3(2): 374-390.
Arslan, A., Güngör, T., Erdoğan, B., Pisschier, C.W., 2013. Tectonic transport directions of the Lycian nappes in southwest Turkey constrained by kinematic indicators. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 64, 198-209.
Barut, İ., Eroskay, O., Özer, N., 2001. Milas-Ekinambarı ve Savran Tuzlu Karst Kaynaklarının Hidrojeokimyasal Araştırılması. Tübitak Araştırma Projesi. Proje No: YDABÇAĞ-588/A.
Barut, İ., Gürpınar, O., 2005. Milas (Muğla) Havzasının Tuzlu Karst Kaynaklarının Hidrojeolojik Dolaşım Modeline Bir Yaklaşım. İstanbul Üniv. Müh. Fak. Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 18, 1-22.
Bayarı, C.S., Özyurt, N.N., Öztan, M., Bastanlar, Y., Varanlıoğlu, G., Koyuncu, H., Ülkenli, H., Hamarat, S., 2011. Submarine and coastal karstic groundwater discharges along the southwestern Mediterranean coast of Turkey, Hydrogeology Journal ,19: 399–414.
Birsoy, Y., Ölgen, M.K., 1991. Thorntwaite İklim Sınıflandırması ve Su Bilançosunun Belirlenmesinde Bilgisayar Kullanımı. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi. 6, 153-179.
Clark, I., Fritz, P. 1997. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. CRC Press, 342 s.
Clark, J.F., Stute, M., Schlosser, P., Drenkard, S. 1997. A tracer study of the Floridan aquifer in southeastern Georgia: implications for groundwater flow and paleoclimate. Water Resources Research 33, 281–289.
Coplen, T.B., Herczeg, A.L., C., Barnes. 2000. Isotope Engineering, Using Stable Isotopes of the Water Molecule to Solve Practical Problems, Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology (editors. P.G. Cook and A. L. Herczeg), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Australia, pp: 529.
Craig, H., 1961. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science, 133, pp: 1702-1703.
Çağlayan, M.A., 1980. Menderes Masifi Güneyine Ait Bulgular ve Yapısal Yorum. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi. 10: 9-17.
Dalman, Ö., Demirak, A., Balcı, A., 2006. Determination of heavy metals (Cd, Pb) and trace elements (Cu, Zn) in sediments and fish of the Southeastern Aegean Sea (Turkey) by atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chemistry 95, 157–162.
Demirak, A., Balcı, A., Tüfekçi, M. 2006. Environmental Impact of the Marine Aquaculture in Güllük Bay, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 123, 1–12.
Egemen, Ö., Önen, M., Büyükışık, B., Hoşsucu, B., Sunlu,U., Gökpınar,Ş., Cirik,S. 1999. Güllük Lagünü (Ege Denizi, Türkiye) Ekosistemi, Tr. J. of Agriculture and Forestry, 23:3, 927-947.
Ekmekçi, M., Tezcan, L., Kurttaş, T., Yüzereroğlu, S., Açıkel, Ş., 2008. Gökova (Muğla) Kıyı Karst Kaynaklarında Deniz Suyu Karışımının Hidrojeokimyasal ve Duraylı Çevresel İzotop Yöntemleriyle İncelenmesi. III.Hidrolojide İzotop Teknikleri Sempozyumu. Sf: 294-305.
Erol, O., 1991. Türkiye kıyılarında deniz düzeyi değişmeleri ve bir çevre sorunu olarak İstanbul için önemi, Uluslararası Çevre Sorunları Sempozyumu Tebliğleri, İstanbul.
Eroskay, S.O, Gürpınar, O., Gözübol, A.M., Şenyuva, T., 1992, Muğla-Gökova ile Milas-Savran ve Ekinambarı Karst Kaynaklarının Jeolojik ve Hidrojeolojik İncelemesi, Sonuç Raporu, DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü (Yayınlanmamış), Ankara.
Gat, JR., Carmi, I., 1970. Evolution of the isotopic composition of atmospheric waters in the Mediterranean Sea area. Journal of Geophysical Research 75: doi: 10.1029/JC075i015p03039. issn: 0148-0227.
Günay, G., Güner N, Tork K 2015. Turkish karst aquifers, Environ Earth Sci, 74:217–226, doi 10.1007/s12665-015-4298-6.
IAH (International Association of Hydrogeologists) 1979. Map of mineral and thermal water of Europe, Scale 1:500000, International Association of Hydrogeologists, United Kingdom
Kalkan, S., Altuğ, G., 2015. Bio-indicator bacteria & environmental variables of the coastal zones: The example of the Gulluk Bay, Aegean Sea, Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 95, 380-358.
Kaymakçı Başaran, A., Aksu, M., Egemen, Ö., 2010. Impacts of the fish farms on the water column nutrient concentrations and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments in the eastern Aegean Sea (Turkey). Environ Monit Assess, 162:439–451.
Mook, W.G., 2001. Environmental isotopes in the hydrological cycle. IHPV, Tech Doc in Hydrology, vol. 39 (1). Paris UNESCO.
MTA (Maden Tektik Arama), 2002. Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası – Denizli Paftası. MTA Genel Müdürlüğü Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, Ankara.
Öztan, M., Baştanlar, Y., Varinlioğlu, G. Hamarat, S., Ülkenli, H., Özyurt, N., Bayarı, S., 2004. Patara-Kekova tatlı su boşalımlarının ve denizaltı mağaralarının araştırılması, Türkiye Kıyıları 04-Türkiye’nin Kıyı ve Deniz Alanları V. Ulusal Konferansı, 4-7 Mayıs 2004 Adana, Bildiriler Kitabı (Editörler: E.Özhan, H. Evliya) Cilt 2, 815-824.
Özyurt, N.N., 2008. Analysis of drivers governing temporal salinity and temperature variations in groundwater discharge from Altug Submarine Karst Cave (Kas-Turkey), Environ Geol., 54:731–736.
Somay, M. A., Filiz, Ş., 2003. Hydrology, hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of wetlands: a case study in Izmir Bird Paradise, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 43, 825–835.
Somay, M.A., Filiz, Ş., 2005. The importance of hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry in the wetlands. Int Earth Sci Coll on the Aegean Region (IESCA 2005) Abstracts, p.211, İzmir.
Somay, M.A., Filiz, Ş., 2006. Küçük menderes nehri kiyi sulak alaninin hidrojeokimyasal degerlendirilmesi. Geosound, Adana.
Somay, M. A., Gemici, U., Filiz, Ş., 2008. Hydrogeochemical investigation of Kücük Menderes River coastal wetland, Selçuk–Izmir, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 55, 149–164. doi:10.1007/s00254-007-0972-7.
Somay, M. A., Gemici, Ü., 2009. Assessment of the salinization process at the coastal area with hydrogeochemical tools and geographical ınformation systems (GIS): Selçuk Plain, Izmir, Turkey. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 201, 55–74. doi:10.1007/s11270-008-9927-1.
Somay, M. A., Gemici, U., Akar, T. 2009.. Water quality of the important coastal wetlands of western Turkey. HydroEco 2009 Proceedings. Pp: 167–170. Vienna.
Somay M. A., Gemici Ü., 2012. Groundwater Quality Degradation in the Buyuk Menderes River Coastal Wetland, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, v:223/pp:15-27
Thorntwaite, W.C., 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr Rev. 38:55–94.
Tuna., A.Levent ., Yılmaz.,F., Demirak.,A., Özdemir.,N., 2007. Sources and distribution of trace metals from sarıcay stream basin in southwestern Turkey. . Environmental Monitoring and Assesment. 125:47–57.
Yılmaz Y., Altunkaynak Ş., Genç, Ş.C., Gürer, Ö.F., Karacık, Z., Bozcu, M., Yılmaz, K., 2002. Güllük Körfezi ve Dolayının Jeolojik-Tektonik Gelişimi ve Bu Bölgenin Kale-Tavas Havzası ile İlişkilerinin Araştırılması. Tübitak YDABÇAĞ Projesi. Proje No: 199Y073.
Yüce, G., 2005. Determination of the recharge area and salinization degree of karst springs in the Lamas Basin (Turkey), Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 41:4, 391-404, DOI: 10.1080/10256010500384747.
Yücel-Gier, G., Pazı, İ., Küçüksezgin, F., 2013. Spatial Analysis of Fish Farming in the Gulluk Bay (Eastern Aegean). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13: 737-744.

ISSN: 0026-4563
Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 3 Sayı
Başlangıç: 1950
Yayıncı: Cahit DÖNMEZ

Arşiv