Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin Tedavi ve Korunmasında Kolostrum Serumlarının Parenteral Uygulamaları

İnfeksiyöz ve non-infeksiyöz nedenlerden kaynaklanan buzağı ishalleri genç hayvanlarda en sık bilidirilen ve sığır yetiştiriciliğinde hala dünyada en önemli üretim ve ekonomik kayıp nedenlerinden birisidir. Sığır plasentası antikorların pasif transferine izin vermez. Bu nedenle, buzağılar hipogammaglobulinemik doğarlar ve kendi immun sistemleri gelişinceye kadar annelerinin sağladıkları kolostrum ile pasif bağışıklığa ihtiyaç duyarlar. Ayrıca, doğumdan sonraki 24 saatten sonra bağırsak IgG, IgA ve IgM'nin emilimine kapanır. Eğer buzağılar bu zamandan önce yeterince bu makromoleküllerden almazlarsa morbidite ve mortalite artar. Bağırsak epitellerince makromoleküllerin emiliminin kesildiği bu hipogammaglobulinemik buzağılarda bu Ig sağlayacak yeni tekniklere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. İmmunglobulin moleküllerinin intestinal absorbsiyonunun süresi geçer geçmez, pasif immünite parenteral enjeksiyonlarla sağlanabilir. Bu makaledeki amacımız, ishalli buzağılarda parenteral kolostrum serumunun ishalden korunma ve büyüme performansı üzerine etkilerini derlemektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Bölgesel Bağışıklık, Buzağı, Kolostrum Serumu, Koruma, Tedavi

Parenteral Applications of Colostrum Serums in Treatment and Prevention of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea

Calf diarrhea caused by infectious and non infectious factors is a commonly reported disease in young animals, and still a major cause of productivity and economic loss to cattle producers worldwide. The bovine placenta does not permit the passive transfer of antibody to the fetus. Thus, calves are born hypogammaglobulinemic, and consumption of colostrum is required to provide passive immunity until the immune system of the calf matures. Additionally, mean time to gut closure in calves occurs approximately 24 h after birth for IgG, IgA, and IgM. If calves do not ingest a sufficient mass of Ig prior to cessation of macromolecular transport, morbidity and mortality may increase. New techniques are needed to provide Ig to hypogammaglobulinemic calves after cessation of macromolecular transport by the intestinal epithelia. Once the period of intestinal permeability to immunoglobulin molecules has passed, passive immunity can be provided through parenteral injections. In this article, our objective is to review the effects of colostrum whey injections on prevention of diarrhea as well as health and growth performance in calves.

Keywords:

Regional İmmunisation, Calves, Colostrum Whey, Preventive, Treatment,

PDF

___

Arthington JD, Cattell MB, Quigley JD. Effect of dietary IgG source (colostrum, serum, or milk-derived supplement) on the efficiency of Ig absorption in newborn Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci. 200; 83:1463.
Besser TE, Gay CC, McGuire TC, Evermann JF.Passive immunity to bovine rotavirus infection associated with transfer of serum antibody into the intestinal lumen. J. Virol. 1988; 62:2238-2242.
Blanchard PC. Diagnostics of dairy and beef cattle diarrhea. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food A. 2012; 28: 443–464.
Blood DC, Radostits OM. Veterinary Medicine. 7. Edition, Bailliere Tindall, London, 1988.
Blowey RW. A Veterinary Book for Dairy Farmers” 2nd ed. Farming Press Ltd. Great Britain. 1993; pp. 15-77.
Constable PD. Antimicrobial use in the treatment of calf diarrhea. JVIM. 2004; 18(1): 8- 17.
Erdoğan HM, Ünver, A, Çitil M, Güneş V, Arslan MÖ, Tuzcu M, Gökçe Hİ. Dairy farming in Kars district, Turkey: III. Neonatal calf health. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci.2009; 33(3): 185-192.
Fenner F, MacLachlan NJ, Dubovi EJ. Fenner’s Veterinary Virology. 4th ed,Academic Press,Burlington. 2011; pp. 288-290.
Foster DM, Smith GW. Pathophysiology of diarrhea in calves. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2009; 25: 13-36.
Greene HJ. Minimise calf diarrhoea by good husbandry: treat sick calves by fluid therapy. Ann Rech Vet. 1983; 14(4): 548-55
Hammer CJ. Effects of exogenous immunoglobulins in neonatal animals. Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. Iowa State University. 2003.
Hur TY, Jung YH, Choe CY, Cho YI, Kang SJ, Lee HJ, Ki. The dairy calf mortality: the causes of calf death during ten years at a large dairy farm in Kore. Korean J Vet Res. 2013; 53: 103-108.
Matte JJ, Girard CL, Seoane JR. Absorption of colostral immunoglobulin G in the newborn dairy calf. J Dairy Sci. 1982; 65: 1765-1772.
Nollet H, Laevens H, Deprez P, Sanchez R, Van Driessche E, Muylle E. The use of non-immune plasma powder in the prophylaxis of neonatal Escherichia coli diarrhea in calves. J. Vet. Med. Assn. 1999; 46: 185-196.
Oda K, Nishida Y. Prevelance and distribution of bovine coccidia in Japan. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science. 1990; 52(1): 71-77.
Osteras O, Gjestvang MS, Vatn S, Solverod L. Perinatal death in production animals in the Nordic countries -incidence and costs. Acta Vet Scand. 2007; 49 (1): 14-21.
Patt JA, Zarkower A, Eberhart RJ. Effect of histamine on intestinal absorption of gamma globulin in newborn calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1972; 55: 645-646.
Quigley JD, Lago A, Chapman C, Erickson P, Polo J. Evaluation of the Brix refractometer to estimate immunoglobulin G concentration in bovine colostrum. J. Dairy Sci. 2013; 96: 1148–1155.
Quigley J.D, Welbom J.K. Milk replacers with or without animal plasma for dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1996; 79: 1881-1884.
Roos N, Mahe S, Benamouzig R, Sick H, Rautureau J, Tome D. 15N-labelled immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum are partially resistant to digestion in human intestine. J. Nutr. 1995; 125: 1238-1244.
Sangild PT. Uptake of colostral immunoglobulins by the compromised newborn farm animal. Acta Vet Scand Suppl. 2003; 98: 105-22.
Sangwan ML, Anand GR, Dwarkanath PK.Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting plasma immunoglobulin levels in crossbred calves. Indian J Dairy Sci. 1987; 40:140-150.
Smith VR, and Erwin ES. Absorption of colostrum globulins introduced directly into the duodenum. J. Dairy Sci. 1959; 42: 364-365.
Stapanek J, Mensik J, Krejc JF. Preparation of Hyperimmune Cow Colostrum Whey and Its Use in The Protection of Piglets Against Transmıssible Gastroenteritis. Acta Vet. Brno. 1982; 51: 99-108.
Stott GH, Fellah A. Colostral immunoglobulin absorption linearly related to concentration for calves. J Dairy Sci. 1983; 66(6): 1319-28.
Szenci O, Kiss MB. Perinatal calf losses in large production units. Acta. Vet. Acad. Sci. Hungaria. 1982; 30: 85-95.
Şahal M. Sıcak stresinin sığırların beslenmesine etkileri. s 46-71. In: Ruminantlarda Yaz Sorunları, Beslenme ve Hastalıklar. Ed: A. Cebecioğlu. 2010.
Thomas EB, Clive CG, Travis, CM, Evermann JF. Society for Microbiology PassiveImmunity to Bovine Rotavirus Infection Associated with Transfer of Serum Antibody into the Intestinal Lumen. Journal of Virology. 1988; 3: 2238-2242.
Tokgöz BS, Özdemir R, Turgut N, Mirioğlu M, İnce H, Mahanoğlu B, Yoldaş A,Tuzcu N. Adana Bölgesinde Görülen Neonatal Buzağı Enfeksiyonlarının Morbidite ve Mortaliteleri ve Risk Faktörlerinin Belirlenmesi. AVKAE Derg. 2013; 3(1): 7-14.
Tyler H, Ramsey H. Hypoxia in neonatal calves: effect on intestinal transport of immunoglobulins. J Dairy Sci. 1991; 74(6): 1953-6.
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Dairy 2007 Part II: Changes in the U.S. Dairy Cattle industry, 1991-2007. USDA-APHIS-VS, CEAH, Fort Collins, USA. 2008; pp. 57-61