İhsan ÇETİN, Aydan NAZİK, Mahmut Tahir NALBANTÇILAR, Kezban TOSUN

İçme Sularındaki Mikro Element Düzeylerinin Adölesan Vücut Kompozisyonlarına Etkisi

Amaç: İçme suyu element içeriğinin, toplam enerji alımını azaltarak ya da metabolizmada değişikliğe neden olarak kilo alımına veya kilo kaybına neden olabileceği kanıtlanmıştır. Araştırma içme suyu mikro element düzeyleri ile çocukların vücut element kompozisyonları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapıldı. Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmada 13–18 yaş aralığında, vücut kütle indeksi (VKİ) referans değerleri ve persentil eğrilerine göre normal, kilolu ve obez olarak 20’şer kişilik üç gruba ayrılan 60 kızdan oluşmuştur. Çocukların vücut kompozisyonları, biyoelektrik impedans cihazı; içme suyundaki demir (Fe), bakır (Cu), kobalt (Co), selenyumu (Se) içine alan mikro element düzeyleri indüktif eşleşmiş plazma kütle spektrometre cihazı kullanılarak ölçüldü. Bulgular: İçme suyu Fe ve Co seviyeleri, çocuklara ait VKİ, kas ağırlığı değerleri ile istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulundu (p<0,05). İçme suyu Se düzeyleri, vücut yağ kütlesi ve yağ yüzdesi değerleri ile istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmadı (p>0,05). Sonuç: İçme suyu Fe ve Co’ın yüksek düzeyleri ile Se elementi düşük düzeylerinin adölesan çocuklarda obezite gelişimi açısından büyük bir risk oluşturabilir. Ancak, Fe, Co ve içme suyu Se düzeyleri ve çocuklarda bu elementlerin serum düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki hala belirsizdir. Bu nedenle, çocuklarda obezite gelişimi açsından mikro elementlerin etkisini aydınlatmak için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

adölesan obezitesi, vücut kompozisyonu, mikro-element; demir; kobalt; selenyum

The Effect of Micro Element Levels in Drinking Water on Adolescent Body Composition

Aim: It has been proven that element content of drinking water may cause weight gain or weight loss through reducing the total energy intake or changes in metabolism. However, there is no research investigating the association between levels of micro element concentrations in drinking water and body composition of children. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relationship between micro elements levels in drinking water and body composition of children. Material and Method: The study population consisted of 60 participants of three groups: 20 overweight, 20 obese, and 20 healthy control children, aged between 13–18, and grouped according body mass index (BMI) and percentile curves. Body composition measurements were performed with the bioelectric impedance device. Micro elements levels in drinking water including iron (Fe), Cupper (Cu), cobalt (Co) and selenium (Se) were measured by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results: Fe and Co levels in drinking water showed statistically significant positive correlations with BMI, muscle mass values of the children. On the other hand, Se content of drinking water showed statistically significant negative correlations with body fat mass and fat percentage in children. Conclusion: High levels of Fe and Co, and low levels of Se in drinking water may pose great risk to children with the age range 13–18 in terms of developing obesity. However, the relationship between Fe, Co, and Se levels of drinking water and serum levels of these elements in children remains unclear. Therefore, further research is needed in order to lighten up the effect of micro elements in obesity development in children.

Keywords:

childhood obesity, body composition, micro-elements; iron; cobalt; selenium,

PDF

___

1. Racette SB, Deusinger SS, Desusinger RH. Obesity. Overview of prevelance, etiolog y, and treatment. Phys Ther 2003;83(3):276–88.
2. Köksal G, Özel HG. Çocukluk ve Ergenlik Döneminde Obezite. TC. Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağ Hizm Genel Müd Yay. Klasmat Matbaacılık, Ankara 2008.
3. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bergiele A. The influence of obesity on hyperandrogenism and infertility in the female. Obes Rev 2001;2(4):231–8.
4. Michelmore KF. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence and early adulthood. Hum Fertil 2000;3(2):96–100.
5. Neymotin F, Sen U. Iron and obesity in females in the United States. Obesity (Silver Spring )2011;19(1):191–9.
6. Manios Y, Moschonis G, Chrousos GP, Lionis C, Mougios V, Kantilafti M, et al. The double burden of obesity and iron deficiency on children and adolescents in Greece: the Healthy Growth Study. J Hum Nutr Diet 2013;26:470–8.
7. Chung JH, Yum KS. Correlation of hair mineral concentrations with insulin resistance in Korean males. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012;150(1–3):26–30.
8. Azab SF, Saleh SH, Elsaeed WF, Elshafie MA, Sherief LM, Esh AM. Serum trace elements in obese Eg yptian children: a case-control study. Ital J Pediatr 2014;40:20.
9. Moschonis G, Chrousos GP, Lionis C, Mougios V, Manios Y Healthy Growth Study group. Association of total body and visceral fat mass with iron deficiency in preadolescents: the Healthy Growth Study. Br J Nutr 2012;108(4):710–9.
10. Yerlikaya H, Aysun T. Obezite ve eser elementler. Endokrinolojide Diyalog 2012;9(2):64–70.
11. García OP, Ronquillo D, del Carmen Caamaño M, Martínez G, Camacho M, López V, et al. Zinc, iron and vitamins A, C and E are associated with obesity, inflammation, lipid profile and insulin resistance in Mexican school-aged children. Nutr 2013;5(12):5012–30.
12. Yang CY, Chiu HF. Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and the risk of death from hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 1999;12(1):894–9.
13. Piper AM. A Graphic procedure in geochemical interpretation of water analyses: Am Geophys Union Transactions 1944;25(1):914–23.
14. Novakova S, Nikolchev G, Mautner G, Angelieva R, Dinoeva S. Effect of several microelements contained in drinking water on the development of atherosclerosis. Probl Khig 1983; 8:121–31.
15. Edition F. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. WHO chronicle 2011;38(4):104–8.
16. Leão AL, dos Santos LC. Micronutrient consumption and overweight: is there a relationship? Rev Bras Epidemiol 2012;15(1):85–95.
17. Cetin I, Nalbantcilar MT, Tosun K, Nazik A. How Trace Element Levels of Public Drinking Water Affect Body Composition in Turkey. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017.
18. Bundak R, Furman A, Gunoz H, Darendeliler F, Bas F, Neyzi O. Body mass index for Turkish children. Acta Pediatr 2006;95(2):194–8.
19. Hughes JM, Li L, Chinn S, Rona RJ. Trends in growth in England and Scotland 1972 to 1994. Arch Dis Child 1997;76(3):182–9.
20. Fuller NJ, Fewtrell MS, Dewit O, Elia M, Wells JCK. Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis in children aged 8–12y:2. The assessment of regional body composition and muscle mass. Int J Obesity 2002;26(5):692–700.
21. Sarıtaş N, Özkarafakı İ, Pepe O, Büyükipekçi S. Üniversiteli erkek öğrencilerin vücut yağ yüzdelerinin üç farklı yöntemle değerlendirilmesi. J Health Sci 2011;20(2):107–15.
22. Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, et al. Composition of the ESPEN Working Group. Bioelectrical impedance analysis— parts I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr. 2004; 23(5):1226–43.
23. Valko M, Morris H, Cronin MT. Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem 2005;12(10):1161–208.
24. Kawakami T, Sugimoto H, Furuichi R, Kadota Y, Inoue M, Setsu K, et al. Cadmium reduces adipocyte size and expression levels of adiponectin and Peg1/Mest in adipose tissue. Toxicol 2010;267(1–3):20–6.
25. Hasten DL, Rome EP, Franks BD, Hegsted M. Effects of chromium picolinate on beginning weight training students. Int J Sport Nutr 1992;2(4):343–50.
26. Bartholmey SJ, Sheerman AR. Carnitine levels in iron-deficient rat pups. J Nutr 1985;115(1):138–45.
27. Bristow-Craig HE, Strain JJ, Welch RW. Iron status, blood lipids and endogenous antioxidants in response to dietary iron levels in male and female rats. Int J Vit Nut Res 1994;64(4):324–9.
28. Neymotin F, Sen U. Iron and obesity in females in the United States. Obesity (Silver Spring )2011;19(1):191–9.
29. Zimmermann MB, Zeder C, Muthayya S, Winichagoon P, Chaouki N, Aeberli I, et al. Adiposity in women and children from transition countries predicts decreased iron absorption, iron deficiency and a reduced response to iron fortification. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32(7):1098–104.
30. Ausk KJ, Ioannou GN. Is obesity associated with anemia of chronic disease? A population-based study. Obesity (Silver Spring ) 2008;16(10):2356–61.
31. Jehn M, Clark JM, Guallar E. Serum ferritin and risk of the metabolic syndrome in U. S. adults. Diabetes Care 2004;27(10):2422–8.
32. Gilbert-Diamond D, Baylin A, Mora-Plazas M, Villamor E. Chronic inflammation is associated with overweight in Colombian school children. Nutr Met Cardiovasc Dis 2012;22(3):244–51.
33. Kawakami T, Hanao N, Nishiyama K, Kadota Y, Inoue M, Sato M, et al. Differential effects of cobalt and mercury on lipid metabolism in the white adipose tissue of high-fat diet induced obesity mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012;258(1):32–42.
34. Padilla MA, Elobeid M, Ruden DM, Allison DB. An examination of the association of selected toxic metals with total and central obesity indices: NHANES 99–02. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010;7(9):3332–47.
35. Lekhanova EN, Bakhtina EA, Buganov AA. Effect of cobalt on risk factors for chronic noninfectious diseases inYamal dwellers. Gig Sanit 2010;(1):4–6.
36. Tascilar ME, Ozgen IT, Abaci A, Serdar M, Aykut O. Trace elements in obese Turkish children. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011;143(1):188–95.
37. Aksoy M. Beslenme Biyokimyası Kitabı. “Beslenme Biyokimyası ve İz Elementler”, Ankara, 2000.
38. Kimmons JE, Blanck HM, Tohill BC, Zhang J, Khan LK. Associations between body mass index and the prevalence of low micronutrient levels among US adults. Med Gen Med 2006;8(4):59.
39. Arnaud J, Bertrais S, Roussel AM, Arnault N, Ruffieux D, Favier A,et al. Serum selenium determinants in French adults: the SU. VI. M. AX study. Br J Nutr 2006;95(2):313–20.
40. Sánchez C, López-Jurado M, Aranda P, Llopis J. Plasma levels of copper, manganese and selenium in an adult population in southern Spain: influence of age, obesity and lifestyle factors. Sci Total Environ 2010;408(5):1014–20.
41. Xanthakos SA. Nutritional deficiencies in obesity and after bariatric surgery. Pediatr Clin North Am 2009;56(5):1105–21.
42. Alasfar F, Ben-Nakhi M, Khoursheed M, Kehinde EO, Alsaleh M. Selenium is significantly depleted among morbidly obese female patients seeking bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2011;21(11):1710–13.
43. Chen MD, Lin PY. Zinc-induced hyperleptinemia relates to the amelioration of sucrose-induced obesity with zinc repletion. Obes Res 2000;8(7):525–9.
44. Avignon A, Hokayem, Bisbal C, Lambert K. Dietary antioxidants: do they have a role to play in the on going fight against abnormal glucose metabolism? Nutr 2012;28(7–8):715–21.