Korku, Duyarsızlaşma ve Eleştirel Okuma: Terör Mağdurlarının Gözünden Medyada Terör

Suç ve şiddet eylemleri, medya aracılığı ile çok geniş kitlelere ulaşmakta ve bu eylemler doğrudan mağduru olmayan kesimleri etkileyebilmektedir. Bu suç ve şiddet eylemlerinden farklı olarak terör eylemleri, özellikle son yıllarda tüm dünyada ortaya çıkış biçimi, sıklığı ve yayılma sahası itibari ile çok daha geniş bir toplumsal sahada tehdit unsuru olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu terör eylemlerinin medya içeriklerinde yer bulmasının yaşanan terör saldırılarına ilişkin korkuyu daha fazla artırdığı ve yaygınlaştırdığı çeşitli çalışmalarla desteklenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, teröre doğrudan maruz kalmış olan bireylerin terörle ilişkili medya içeriklerine ilişkin değerlendirmelerine yer verilmektedir. Araştırma verileri, birden çok bombalı terör saldırısının yaşandığı Ankara’da, 2018 yılında toplanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında, daha önce en az bir bombalı terör saldırısına doğrudan maruz kalmış olan 20 kişi ile derinlemesine görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Söz konusu örneklem grubuna kartopu örnekleme tekniği ile ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, teröre ilişkin haberlerin anaakım medyada verilme sıklık ve üslubunun söz konusu örneklem nezdinde, terör olaylarını normalleştirdiğini ve bireyleri terör olaylarına karşı duyarsızlaştığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Aynı zamanda teröre ilişkin haber ve içeriklerin anaakım medya organlarında ve haber içeriklerinde sıklıkla işlenmesinin bireylerde duyarsızlaşma duygusundan farklı olarak terör korkusunu tetiklediğini ve bu korkuyu yeniden ürettiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Terör mağduriyeti, terör korkusu, duyarsızlaşma, medya

Fear, Sense of Unresponsiveness and Oppositional Reading: Terror in Media through the Eyes of Victims of Terrorism

Acts of crime and violence spread to a wide range of people through the mainstream media and can affect those who are not direct victims of crime and violence. Unlike these actions, terrorist acts have emerged as a threat in a much broader social field, especially in recent years, in terms of their occurrence, frequency, and extent of spread. Various studies have argued that the coverage of these terrorist acts in media has given rise to the fear of terror attacks. This study examines the perception of individuals who were directly exposed to terrorism regarding the presentation of terrorism in the media. Research data was collected in 2018, in Ankara, which experienced multiple terrorist attacks. The findings of this research draw on in-depth interviews conducted with 20 people who were directly exposed to at least one terrorist attack in Ankara. The sample group was reached with the snowball sampling technique. The results of the research show that the frequency and the way news of terrorism was presented in the media led to a sense of unresponsiveness and normalization against terrorism, but this also triggers and reproduces fear of terror.

Keywords:

Terrorism victimization, fear of terror, sense of responsiveness, media,

PDF

___

Ahmed, S. (2015). “The ‘emotionalization of the “war on terror”: Counterterrorism, fear, risk, insecurity and helplessness.” Criminology & Criminal Justice15 (5), 545—560. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895815572161
Altheide D. L., & Michalowski, R. S. (1999). Fear in the news: A discourse of control. The Sociological Quarterly. 40(3), 475—503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1999.tb01730.x
Altheide, D. L. (2003). Mass media, crime, and the discourse of fear. Hedgehog Review, 5(3), 9—25.
Aly, A., & Green L. (2010). “Fear, anxiety and the state of terror.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33, 268—281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100903555796
Attride-Sterling, J. (2001). “Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research.” Qualitative Research1 (3), 385—405.
Beck, U. (2006). Living in the world risk society: A hobhouse memorial public lecture given on wednesday 15 February 2006 at the London School of Economics. Economy and Society, 35(3), 329 —345. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140600844902
Beck, U. (2002a). “The silence of words and political dynamics in the world risk society.” Logos 1(4), 1—18. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5f0d/2d183c96838f3108290fc2586d062ed713b2.pdf
Beck, U. (2002b). “The terrorist threat: World risk society revisited.” Theory, Culture & Society19 (4), 39—55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276402019004003
Bracken-Roche, D., Bell, E., Macdonald, M. E., & Racine, E. (2017). The concept of ‘vulnerability’in research ethics: an in-depth analysis of policies and guidelines. Health Research Policy and Systems, 15(1), 1—18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-016-0164-6
Chadee, D., & Ditton, J. (2005). Fear of crime and the media: Assessing the lack of relationship. Crime, Media, Culture, 1(3), 322 —332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659005057644
Collogan, L. K., Tuma, F., Dolan-Sewell, R., Borja, S., & Fleischman, A. R. (2004). Ethical issues pertaining to research in the aftermath of disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(5), 363—372.
Er, T., Elmas, A. ve Sayar, G. H. (2018). Suç ve medya.Üsküdar Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Akademik Dergisi Etkileşim, (2), 56—68. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/710649
Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of crime, interpreting victimization risk. New York: SUNY.Fleischman, A. R., & Wood, E. B. (2002). Ethical issues in research involving victims of terror. Journal of Urban Health, 79(3), 315—321. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1093/jurban/79.3.315.pdf
Friedman, B. H. (2011). Managing fear: The politics of homeland security. Political Science Quarterly, 126(1), 77 —106. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23056915
Gerbner, G. (1992). Violence and terror in and by media. The Annenberg School for Comunication University of Pennsylvania. 1—21. http://web.asc.upenn.edu/gerbner/Asset.aspx?assetID=411
Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 172 —199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01397.x
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process.Perspectives on Media Effects, 1986, 17—40. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d376/313acb16fcfa8160434ac01a23a8e44cb2dc.pdf
Hall, S. (2005). Encoding/decoding. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.),Culture, media, language, (pp.117- 127).New York: Taylor & Francis.Heath, L., & Gilbert, K. (1996). Mass media and fear of crime. American Behavioral Scientist, 39(4), 379 —386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764296039004003
Howie, L. (2005). There is nothing to fear but fear itself (and terrorists): Public perception, terrorism and the workplace. Paper presented to the Social Change in the 21st Century Conference. Centre for Social Change Research QueenslandUniversity of Technology. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/3493/1/3493.pdf
Irmak, F. ve Kâhya, Y. (2014). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde terörizm ve terörizm korkusu: 11 Eylül terör saldırılarının öncesi ve sonrasına ilişkin bir analiz. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(33), 315— 324. http://sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt7/sayi33_pdf/2tarih_uluslararasiiliskiler_siyaset/irmak_fatih_yavuzkahya.pdf
Ketefian, S. (2015). Ethical considerations in research. Focus on vulnerable groups. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería, 33(1), 164—172
Laqueur, W. (2000). The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction. New York: Oxford University Press.Matsaganis, M. D., & Payne, J. G. (2005). Agenda setting in a culture of fear: The lasting effects of September 11 on American politics and journalism. AmericanBehavioral Scientist, 49(3), 379—392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764205282049
Mestrovic, S. (1996). Postemotional society. London: Sage.Mythen, G., & Walklate, S. (2006). Communicating the terrorist risk: Harnessing a culture of fear?. Crime, Media, Culture, 2(2), 123—142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659006065399
Nacos, B. L., Bloch-Elkon, Y., & Shapiro, R. Y. (2007). Post-9/11 terrorism threats, news coverage, and public perceptions in the United States. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 1(2), 105—126. http://129.70.43.120/index.php/ijcv/article/view/10/10
Nellis, A. M., & Savage, J. (2012). Does watching the news affect fear of terrorism? The importance of media exposure on terrorism fear. Crime & Delinquency, 58(5), 748 —768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128712452961
Öztürk, M. (2015). Medya ve suç korkusu arasındaki ilişki. International Journal of Social Science, (36),251—263.http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2894
Pain, R. (2009). Globalized fear? Towards an emotional geopolitics. Progress in Human Geography, 33(4), 466 — 486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132508104994
Pain, R., & Smith, S. (2008). Fear: Critical geopolitics and everyday life. InS. J. Smith (Ed.), Fear: critical geopolitics and everyday life (pp. 1- 24).Aldershot: Ashgate.
Pyszczynski, T. (2004). What are we so afraid of?: A terror management theory perspective on the politics of fear. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 71(4), 827 —848.
Renard, T. (2016). Fear not: a critical perspective on the terrorist threat in Europe. Egmont Security Policy Brief No. 77. http://aei.pitt.edu/86893/1/SPB77.pdf
Şahin Kaya, Ş. (2012). Sahibinden satılık korkular: Kadının korkutulan özne olarak inşasında medyanın rolü. University of Gaziantep Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 191—211. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1f7c/3cb416f721d740f9db71d9551e96acc9ba56.pdf
Spencer, A. (2012). Lessons learnt. Terrorism and the media. Wiltshire: Arts and Humanities Research Council Polaris Publishing House.
Weitzer, R., & Kubrin, C. E. (2004). Breaking news: How local TV news and real world conditions affect fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 21(3), 497—520. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095881
Yumrukuz, Ö. (2017). Şiddete karşı duyarsızlaşma ve sosyal medya ilişkisi üzerine bir inceleme. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, (28), 89—106. https://doi.org/10.17829/20172833779