The challenge of modernism during the nineteenth century was not only experienced in the Ottomans or in Asian countries such as Japan, but also in industrialized nations like North America as well. We can read in a plethora of resources how Americans faced profound challenges in their confrontation with modernity, and how they negotiated these challenges. Lawrence A. Cremen convincingly wrote how American Protestantism intellectually had to make its peace with modernism in culture, especially with modern science, and how it had to socially determine its position toward industrial capitalism and the class inequities that capitalism itself triggered.