The Character of Soil Temperature Regime over Turkey

This paper presents the spatial and temporal characteristics of Turkish soil temperature regimes. Basic data consists of the monthly soil temperature averages from 153 stations at depths of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 cm for 44 years (1975-2018) record length. The soil temperature regime of Turkey has been analyzed based on both classical climatic regime approach (monthly average soil temperature change) and Soil Taxonomy. As expected, The annual course of soil temperatures differs between the coastal and inland areas of Turkey and in the western and eastern half. Latitude and continentality shapes the soil temperature regime in the eastern half of Turkey while elevation shapes the soil temperature regime in the western half of Turkey. The frost is seen in the eastern half of Turkey in January and February, except for coastal areas. Morever, the frost period goes up to 4 months (November-February) in northeastern Anatolia. Frost reaches up to 90 cm in this area. The high soil temperatures adversely affecting plant life (35 °C and above) is seen in the South-East Anatolia Region and Çukurova region in Turkey in July and August. These high temperatures are effective up to 80 cm in the region. The majority of Turkey has thermic soil or mesic soil. Considering long-term averages (1975-2018), there are four main soil temperature regimes in Turkey as frigid, thermic, mesic, hyperthermic. The eastern Mediterranean coastline and the southwestern Anatolian coastline are hyperthermic soil temperature regime character and the northeast Anatolia (Ardahan surroundings) show a frigid temperature regime character. Percentages of thermic and hyperthermic soil temperature regime have been increasing in the last 10 years. The increase is probably due to the above normal average air temperatures from July to December and the breaking of air temperature records in the last 10 years.

Keywords:

: Soil temperature, soil temperature regimes Soil Taxonomy, Turkey,

PDF

___

Acar, Z., Gönencgil, B., Gümüşoğlu, N. K. (2018). Long-term changes in hot and cold extremes in Turkey. Journal of Geography, 37, 57-67 (in Turkish).
Acaröz, E. (1960). Türkiye’de Toprakaltı Suhuneti (Soil temperatures in Turkey) (Unpublished thesis). İstanbul Üniversitesi Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey (in Turkish).
Akima, H. (1978). A method of bivariate interpolation and smooth surface fitting for irregularly distributed data points. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS), 4 (2), 148-159.
Bai, Y. (2009). Distribution of soil temperature regimes and climate change in the Mojave Desert Region (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis), University of California Riverside, California, USA.
Bradford, J. B., Schlaepfer, D. R., Lauenroth, W. K., Palmquist, K. A., Chambers, J. C., Maestas, J. D., et al. (2019). Climate-driven shifts in soil temperature and moisture regimes suggest opportunities to enhance assessments of dryland resilience and resistance. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 358.
Changnon, S. A. (1959). Summary of Weather Conditions at Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. Bulletin 47, Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana.
Çelik, S., Özalp, Y. (2011) Assesment of the Heat Waves on the Western on the Western Part of Turkey between 1965 and 2006,. 5th Atmospheric Science Symposium, 27-29 June 2011, İstanbul Technical Üniversity, İstanbul (in Turkish).
Erinç, S., Bener, M. (1963). Soil temperatures in Turkey. İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7 (13), 14-35 (in Turkish).
Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. (2015). Observed changes in the frequencies of record maximum and record minimum air temperatures in Turkey during the period 1950-2014 and their connections with atmospheric conditions. Aegean Geographical Journal, 24 (2), 29–55 (in Turkish).
Husnjak, S., Mesarić, M., Mesić, M. (2014). Determination of soil temperature regimes in Croatia. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 79 (3), 139-143.
Kaučić, D. (1989). Karakteristike temperatura tla u Hrvatskoj. Hrvatski meteorološki časopis, 24 (24), 65-71.
Kyuma, K. (1985). Soil temperature regime of Japanese soils. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 31 (3), 463-468.
Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Survey Staff (1999). Keys to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.
Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Survey Staff (2014). Keys to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.
Mount, H. R., Bauer, R. F., Waltman, W. J., Dubee, B. C. (1992). Soil Climate Regimes on the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands. USDA-SCS, Soil Survey Division National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln.
Rodríguez, M., Neris, J., Tejedor, M., Jiménez, C. (2010). Soil temperature regimes from different latitudes on a subtropical island (Tenerife, Spain). Soil Science Society of America Journal, 74 (5), 1662-1669.
State Meteorolology Affairs General Directorate (1958). Thermal Change Laws of Ankara Soils, Ankara (in Turkish).
Takata, Y., Kuwagata, T., Kohyama, K., Obara, H. (2011). Delineation of Japanese soil temperature regime map. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 57 (2), 294-302.
Turan, M. (2019). Determination and comparison of soil moisture and temperature regimes of Central Anatolia and East Black Sea regions using Newhall simulation (Unpublished MSc. thesis), Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey (in Turkish).
Türkeş, M., Erlat, E. (2018). Variability and trends in record air temperature events of Turkey and their associations with atmospheric oscillations and anomalous circulation patterns. International Journal of Climatology, 38 (14), 5182-5204.
Wei, Q., Yili, Z., Linshan, L., Zhaofeng, W., Mingjun, D., Zhilon, Z. (2017). Characteristics of soil temperature variation in core region of Northern Tibetan Plateau in China during 2013-2014. Gegraphical Research, 36 (11), 2075-2087 (in Chinese).