Omid MONFAREDİAN, Mohammadreza AMİRSEYFADDİNİ, Negar KOOROSHFARD, Mohammad ALİMORADİ, Roya BİGTASHKHANİ

Exploring Isokinetic Test, Joint Position of Sense and Dynamic Balance in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction versus Healthy Subjects

Reduced knee muscle strength, joint position sense (JPS), and dynamic balance are some of the impacts of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture that remained in patients after surgery. The goal of this study was to assess patients who had finished a sport rehabilitation programme and were back exercising with their healthy partners for the JPS, dynamic balance, and knee muscle strength. In this study, 40 male soccer players—20 participants with autograft reconstruction of the hamstring or surgery, and 20 uninjured participants—took part. By using isokinetic dynamometry, the flexor and extensor peak torque of the knee at angular velocities of 60 deg. s-1, JPS at 60°, and dynamic stability were assessed in the dominant leg by using Y balance test. The independent t-test was utilized to compare the outcomes between the two groups. The findings demonstrated that there were no differences in any of the test parameters for determining muscle strength and JPS between the two groups at 60 degrees per second in the dominant leg. (p > 0.05). Furthermore, there was no observed difference in all directions of YBT between Injured and healthy groups in dominant leg (p > 0.05). The results of this study allow us to make the conclusion that when a rehabilitation programme has been completed successfully, surgically induced outcomes may be improved and the risk of re-injury in athletes may be decreased.

Keywords:

Anterior cruciate ligament, Muscular strength, Joint position sense, Dynamic balance, Soccer,

PDF

___

Ahn, J. H., & Lee, S. H. (2016). Risk factors for knee instability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 24, 2936-2942.
Akbari, A., Ghiasi, F., Mir, M., & Hosseinifar, M. (2016). The effects of balance training on static and dynamic postural stability indices after acute ACL reconstruction. Glob J Health Sci, 8(4), 68.
Alimoradi, M., Daneshjoo, A., Sahebozamani, M., & Noorian, S. (2021). The effect of 11+Kids program on the scores of musculoskeletal screening tests. Sport Sciences and Health Research, 13(1), 115-126.
Angoules, A., Mavrogenis, A., Dimitriou, R., Karzis, K., Drakoulakis, E., Michos, J., & Papagelopoulos, P. (2011). Knee proprioception following ACL reconstruction; a prospective trial comparing hamstrings with bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft. Knee, 18(2), 76-82.
Baumeister, J., Reinecke, K., & Weiss, M. (2008). Changed cortical activity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a joint position paradigm: an EEG study. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 18(4), 473-484.
Bulow, A., Bellemare, A., Anderson, J. E., Leiter, J. R., MacDonald, P. B., & Peeler, J. D. (2021). Lower extremity kinematics of the Y-Balance Test in healthy and ACL injured adolescent females. Int JSports Phys Ther, 16(2), 381.
Cervenka, J. J., Decker, M. N., Ruhde, L. A., Beaty, J. D., & Ricard, M. D. (2018). Strength and stability analysis of rehabilitated anterior cruciate ligament individuals. Int J Exer Sci, 11(1), 817.
Çınar-Medeni, Ö., Harput, G., & Baltaci, G. (2019). Angle-specific knee muscle torques of ACL-reconstructed subjects and determinants of functional tests after reconstruction. J Sports Sci, 37(6), 671-676.
Cooper, R., Taylor, N., & Feller, J. (2005). A randomised controlled trial of proprioceptive and balance training after surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Res Sports Med, 13(3), 217-230.
Cvjetkovic, D. D., Bijeljac, S., Palija, S., Talic, G., Radulovic, T. N., Kosanovic, M. G., & Manojlovic, S. (2015). Isokinetic testing in evaluation rehabilitation outcome after ACL reconstruction. Med Arch, 69(1), 21.
García-Pastor, J., Alvear-Ordenes, I., Arias-Giráldez, D., Reguera-García, M. M., & Alonso-Cortés, B. (2022). Comparison of the Agonist/Antagonist Tensional Balance of the Knee between Two Isokinetic Positions: A Pilot Study on a Sample of High-Level Competitive Soccer Players. Int JEnvironRes Public Health, 19(9), 5397.
Gonell, A. C., Romero, J. A. P., & Soler, L. M. (2015). Relationship between the Y balance test scores and soft tissue injury incidence in a soccer team. Int JSports Phys Ther, 10(7), 955.
Hoffman, M., Schrader, J., & Koceja, D. (1999). An investigation of postural control in postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients. J Athl Train, 34(2), 130.
Hu, S., Ma, X., Ma, X., Sun, W., Zhou, Z., Chen, Y., & Song, Q. (2023). Relationship of strength, joint kinesthesia, and plantar tactile sensation to dynamic and static postural stability among patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Front Physiol, 14, 45.
Jebreen, M., Sole, G., & Arumugam, A. (2023). Test-Retest Reliability of a Passive Joint Position Sense Test After ACL Reconstruction: Influence of Direction, Target Angle, Limb, and Outcome Measures. Ortho JSports Med, 11(3), 23259671231157351.
Jerosch, J., Prymka, M., & Castro, W. (1996). Proprioception of knee joints with a lesion of the medial meniscus. Acta Ortho Belg, 62(1), 41-45.
Kalimuthu, M., & Mokhtar, A. (2017). Muscle bulk, strength and proprioceptive difference between anterior cruciate ligament deficient and normal knee. J Sports Sci, 20(1), 1-5.
Karimijashni, M., Sarvestani, F. K., & Yoosefinejad, A. K. (2023). The Effect of Contralateral Knee Neuromuscular Exercises on Static and Dynamic Balance, Knee Function, and Pain in Athletes Who Underwent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sport Rehabil, 1(aop), 1-16.
Kim, D.-H., & Lee, J. J. (2018). Effects of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization technique on strength, knee joint passive stiffness, and pain threshold in hamstring shortness. J Back and Musculoskelet Rehabil, 31(6), 1169-1176.
Kim, J. S., Hwang, U. J., Choi, M. Y., Kong, D. H., Chung, K. S., Ha, J. K., & Kwon, O. Y. (2022). Correlation between Y-Balance test and balance, functional performance, and outcome measures in patients following ACL reconstruction. Int JSports Phys Ther, 17(2), 193.
Konishi, Y., Oda, T., Tsukazaki, S., Kinugasa, R., & Fukubayashi, T. (2012). Relationship between quadriceps femoris muscle volume and muscle torque at least 18 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Scand JMed Sci Sports, 22(6), 791-796.
Kosy, J. D., & Mandalia, V. I. (2018). Anterior cruciate ligament mechanoreceptors and their potential importance in remnant-preserving reconstruction: a review of basic science and clinical findings.JKnee Surg, 31(08), 736-746.
Kurt, İ., Akdenk, M., Akbulut, M. and Kurt, M.K. (2020). Effects of Sprint and Plyometric Training on Speed, Jumping and Anaerobic Strenght of Hearing Impaired Male Sportsmen. Int J Disabil Sports HealthSci;3(2):83-99.https://doi.org/10.334 38 /ijdshs.766251
Laboute, E., Verhaeghe, E., Ucay, O., & Minden, A. (2019). Evaluation kinaesthetic proprioceptive deficit after knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in athletes. J Exp Orthop, 6(1), 1-7.
Lee, J. H., Han, S.-B., Park, J.-H., Choi, J.-H., Suh, D. K., & Jang, K.-M. (2019). Impaired neuromuscular control up to postoperative 1 year in operated and nonoperated knees after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Medicine, 98(15).
Lim, J.-M., Cho, J.-J., Kim, T.-Y., & Yoon, B.-C. (2019). Isokinetic knee strength and proprioception before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comparison between home-based and supervised rehabilitation. J Back and Musculoskelet Rehabil, 32(3), 421-429.
Machado, F., Debieux, P., Kaleka, C. C., Astur, D., Peccin, M. S., & Cohen, M. (2018). Knee isokinetic performance following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: patellar tendon versus hamstrings graft. The Phys Sportsmed, 46(1), 30-35.
McGuine, T. A., Greene, J. J., Best, T., & Leverson, G. (2000). Balance as a predictor of ankle injuries in high school basketball players. Clin J Sport Med, 10(4), 239-244.
Muaidi, Q. I., Nicholson, L. L., Refshauge, K. M., Adams, R. D., & Roe, J. P. (2009). Effect of anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction on proprioceptive acuity of knee rotation in the transverse plane. Am JSports Med, 37(8), 1618-1626.
Myers, H., Christopherson, Z., & Butler, R. J. (2018). Relationship between the lower quarter Y-balance test scores and isokinetic strength testing in patients status post ACL reconstruction. Int JSports Phys Ther, 13(2), 152.
Nunes, R. F., Dellagrana, R. A., Nakamura, F. Y., Buzzachera, C. F., Almeida, F. A., Flores, L. J., Guglielmo, L. G., & da Silva, S. G. (2018). Isokinetic assessment of muscular strength and balance in Brazilian elite futsal players. Int JSports Phys Ther, 13(1), 94.
Ordahan, B., Küçükşen, S., Tuncay, İ., Sallı, A., & Uǧurlu, H. (2015). The effect of proprioception exercises on functional status in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 28(3), 531-537.
Paterno, M. V., Schmitt, L. C., Ford, K. R., Rauh, M. J., Myer, G. D., Huang, B., & Hewett, T. E. (2010). Biomechanical measures during landing and postural stability predict second anterior cruciate ligament injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and return to sport.Am JSports Med, 38(10), 1968-1978.
Rostami Haji-Abadi, M., Rahnama, N., Pazira, P., & Bambaeichi, E. (2014). The Investigation of Muscle Torque, Proprioception and Range of Motion after a Rehabilitation Period of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Sport Sci Health Res, 6(1), 19-31.
Sharifi, A., & Esmaeili, H. (2020). Assessment of proprioception and knee muscles strength after rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament in comparison with healthy matches. Studies in Sport Medicine, 11(26), 49-66.
Vairo, G. L., Myers, J. B., Sell, T. C., Fu, F. H., Harner, C. D., & Lephart, S. M. (2008). Neuromuscular and biomechanical landing performance subsequent to ipsilateral semitendinosus and gracilis autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg, Sports Traumatol, Arthrosc, 16, 2-14.
Xu, C., Liu, T., Wang, M., Liu, C., Li, B., Lian, Q., Chen, T., Chen, F., Qiao, S., & Wang, Z. (2022). Comparison of proprioception recovery following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using an artificial graft versus an autograft. BMC Muscoskel Disord, 23(1), 1-9.