Bizans’ta Hacılık, Hac Merkezi ve Kutsal Tedavi: Alahan Manastırı Üzerine Yeni Bir Değerlendirme

Hıristiyan hacılığı dördüncü yüzyılda Bizans imparatorluğunun desteğiyle ortaya çıkmış ve kısa sürede imparatorluk boyunca her bölge ve sosyal kökenden Hıristiyanları kutsal topraklara çekmiştir. Bu gelişme aynı zamanda Hıristiyanlığın, Pagan kült ve inançlara karşı kendini varoluşunu temellendirmesi bağlamında yerel kültlerin Hıristiyanlaştırılması ve Hıristiyan kutsal peyzajının oluşturulmasında kritik bir rol oynamıştır. Hıristiyan hacılığı eski inanç ve ritüellerin Hıristiyan konsepti içerisinde yeniden şekillendiği, dini öneminin yanında politik, ekonomik ve sosyal bir fenomen olarak işaretlenir. Bu açıdan yerel ve bölgesel hac merkezlerinin ortaya çıkması, bu merkezlerin dini önemini gösteren ve hacı ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması için çeşitli mimari kuruluş ve tesislerin yapılmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Hac merkezleri çoğu durumda manastır bünyesinde kurulmuş ya da sonradan kutsal merkezler etrafına manastırlar kurulmuştur. Erken Bizans dönemine ilişkin bu merkezlerden biri antik Claudiopolis’te bulunan Alahan yerleşimidir. Literatürde Alahan Manastırı olarak geçen yerleşim, araştırmacılar arasında Bizans mimari varlığına ilişkin oldukça tartışmalı konulardan biridir. Alahan’ın bir hac merkezi ya da manastır olup olmadığı hala belirsizdir. Bu açıdan makalede Hıristiyan hacılığı genel özellikleriyle tanıtılmış, hac merkezlerinin oluşumunda rol oynayan faktörler incelenmiş ve Alahan yerleşimi, mimari kuruluşları arasındaki mekân-işlev ilişkisi ve hacı hareketi bağlamında yeniden tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Hıristiyan hacılığı, Bizans, hac merkezi, Alahan Manastırı, Aziz kültü, inkübasyon

Pilgrimage, Pilgrim Center and Sacred Healing in Byzantium: A New Evaluation on Alahan Monastery

Christian pilgrimage arose with the support of Byzantine empire in the fourth century and soon attracted Christians from all regions and social backgrounds throughout the empire to the holy lands. This development also played a critical role in the Christianization of local cults and the creation of the Christian sacred landscape in the context of which Christianity grounded its existence against Pagan cults and beliefs. Christian pilgrimage is marked as a political, economic and social phenomenon, in addition to its religious significance, in which old beliefs and rituals are reshaped. In this respect, the emergence of local and regional pilgrim centers has brought about the construction of various architectural establishments and facilities that Show the religious importance of these centers and meet the needs of the pilgrims. Pilgrim centers were in most cases established within monasteries or later monasteries were erected around holy centers. One of these center the early Byzantine period is Alahan settlement in ancient Claudiopolis. The settlement, which is referred to as the Alahan Monastery in the literature, is one of the most controversial issues regarding the Byzantine architectural existence among researchers. It is stil unclear whether Alahan was a pilgrim center or a monastery. In this respect, in this article, Christian pilgirimage is introduced with its general characteristics, the factors that play a role in the formation of pilgrim centers are examined, and the Alahan settlement is tried to be redefined in the context of the space-function relationship between its architectural institutions and the pilgrim movement.

Keywords:

Christian Pilgrimage, Pilgrim center, Alahan Monastery, Saint Cult, incubation,

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