Characterization of Local Trichoderma spp. as Potential Bio-Control Agents, Screening of in vitro Antagonistic Activities and Fungicide Tolerance
Enlightening effects of biocontrol agents as Trichoderma spp. to provide disease control by combating pathogens
is an important alternative in agricultural crop production. To that end, 9 species of Hypocrea/
Trichoderma having green ascospores isolated from the soil that tea plants cultivated in are identified by ITS
sequences and were found to be close relative of Trichoderma sect. Pachybasium (77%). Ethyl acetate extracts
of fungal isolates exhibited the antimicrobial activity against to Vibrio sp, Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium
smegmatis and Bacillus cereus but no antifungal activity was detected. The highest level of inhibitory activity
was observed against to M. smegmatis by Trichoderma harzianum ID4A, ID4B and ID6B. In dual culture test, all
Trichoderma strains were found to be showing the highest inhibitory activity against to the plant pathogens
Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotonia sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani (AG3), but relatively low activity against to
the entomopathogen fungi. Volatile metabolites of Trichoderma spp. caused maximum reduction in mycelial
growth and sclerotial production. Tested strains showed the highest tolerance to the fungicide Dikozin, whereas
the lowest tolerance was against to the Captan regardless of the dosage.
___
- Y. Elad, Biological control of foliar pathogens by
means of Trichoderma harzianum and potential
modes of action, Crop Prot., 19 (2000) 709-714.
- E. Demirci, E. Dane, C. Eken, In vitro antagonistic
activity of fungi isolated from sclerotia on potato
tubers against Rhizoctonia solani, Turk. J. Biol., 35
(2011) 457-462.
- M.A. Rifai, Revision of the genus Trichoderma, Myc.
Papers., 116 (19691) 56.
- N. Sadfi-Zouaoui, S. Châabani, M. Rouaissi, A. Hedi, M.
Hajlaoui, A. Boudabous, Analysis of the diversity of
Trichoderma spp. in soil horizons using digested ITS
regions, Ann. Microbiol., 59 (2009) 459-463.
- D.M. Geiser, J.C. Frisvad, J.W. Taylor, Evolutionary
relationships in Aspergillus section Fumigati
inferred from partial β-tubulin and hydrophobin DNA
sequences. Mycologia, (1998) 831-845.
- W.J. Janisiewicz, L. Korsten, Biological control
of postharvest diseases of fruits, Annu. Rev.
Phytopathol., 40 (2002) 411-441.
- M. Verma, KB. Satinder, R.D. Tyagi, Bench-scale
fermentation of Trichoderma viride on wastewater
sludge: rheology, lytic enzymes and biocontrol
activity, Enzyme Microb. Tech., 41 (2007) 764-771.
- R.M. Saleh, Screening and production of antibacterial
compound from Trichoderma spp. against humanpathogenic
bacteria, Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 5 (2011)
1619-1628.
- J. Locke, J. Marois, G. Papavizas, Biological control of
Fusarium wilt of greenhouse-grown chrysanthemums.
Plant Dis. 69 (1985) 167-169.
- L. Kredics, Z. Antal, L. Manczinger, Influence of
environmental parameters on Trichoderma strains
with biocontrol potential, Food. Technol. Biotechnol.,
41 (2003) 37-42.
- S.A. Karaoglu, S. Ulker, Isolation, identification and
seasonal distribution of soilborne fungi in tea growing
areas of Iyidere-Ikizdere vicinity (Rize-Turkey), J.
Basic. Microbiol., 46 (2006) 208-218.
- S. Kanematsu, S. Naito, Genetic characterization
of rhizoctonia solani ag-2-3 by analyzing restriction
fragment length polymorphisms of nuclear
ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers, Jap. J.
Phytopathol., 61 (1995) 18-21.
- K.J. Martin, P.T. Rygiewicz, Fungal-specific PCR
primers developed for analysis of the ITS region
of environmental DNA extracts, BMC Microbiol., 5
(2005) 28-28.
- A. Singh, Influence of temperature, pH and media for
growth and sporulation of Trichoderma atroviride
and its shelf life study in different carrier based
formulation, J. Plant. Dis. Sci., 6 (2011) 32-34.
- Á. Keszler, E. Forgács, L. Kótai, Separation and
identification of volatile components in the
fermentation broth of Trichoderma atroviride by
solid-phase extraction and gas chromatographymass
spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 38 (2000)
421-424.
- S. Siddiquee, U.K. Yusuf, K. Hossain, S. Jahan, In
vitro studies on the potential Trichoderma harzianum
for antagonistic properties against Ganoderma
boninense, J. Food Agric. Environ., 7 (2009) 970-976.
- J.A. Vizcaino, S. Luis, B. Angela, F. Vicente, S. Gutierrez,
M.R. Hermosa, E. Monte, Screening of antimicrobial
activities in Trichoderma isolates representing three
Trichoderma sections, Mycol. Res., 109 (2005) 1397-
1406.
- G.L. Woods, A.B.E. Barbara, S.C. Patricia,
Susceptibility testing of Mycobacteria, nocardiae, and
other aerobic actinomycetes; Approved Standard 2nd
ed. Wayne (2003) Pennsylvania.
- M.O. Khan, S. Shahzad, Screening of Trichoderma
species for tolerance to fungicides, Pak. J. Bot., 39
(2007) 945-951.
- V. Santos, V.R. Linardi, Biodegradation of phenol by a
filamentous fungi isolated from industrial effluentsidentification
and degradation potential, Process.
Biochem., 39 (2004) 1001-1006.
- B.B. Joshi, M.P. Vishwakarma, D. Bahukhandi, R.P.
Bhatt, Studies on strains of Trichoderma spp. from
high altitude of Garhwal Himalayan region, J. Environ.
Biol., 33 (2012) 843-847.
- C. Kucuk, M. Kivanc, Isolation of Trichoderma spp. and
determination of their antifungal, biochemical and
physiological features, Turk J. Biol., 27 (2003) 247-
253.
- F.B.H. Khethr, S. Ammar, D. Saidana, M. Daami, J.
Chriaa, K. Liouane, M.A. Mahjoub, A.N. Helal, Z. Mighri,
Chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal
activities of Trichoderma spp. growing in Tunisia, Ann.
Microbiol., 58 (2008) 303-308.
- I. Suay, F. Arenal, F.J. Asensio, A. Basilio, M.A. Cabello,
M.T. Diez, J.B. Garcia, A.G. Del Val, J. Gorrochategui,
Screening of basidiomycetes for antimicrobial
activities, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 78 (2000) 129-
139.
- P. Tarus, C.C. Lang’at-Thoruwa, A.W. Wanyonyi,
Bioactive metabolites from Trichoderma harzianum
and Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Bull. Chem. Soc.
Ethiop., 17 (2003) 185-190.
- K. Liouane, D. Saidana, S. Ammar, Chemical
composition and antimicrobial activity of methanolic
extract of Trichoderma sp. growing wild in Tunisia. J.
Essent. Oil Bear. Pl., 12 (2009) 531-540.
- Z. Antal, L. Manczinger, G. Szakacs, R. Tengerdy, L.
Ferenczy, Colony growth, in vitro antagonism and
secretion of extracellular enzymes in cold-tolerant
strains of Trichoderma species, Mycol. Res., 104
(2000) 545-549.
- B. Ngo, D. Vu, D. Tran, Analyze antagonist effects of
Trichoderma spp. for controlling southern stem rot
caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on peanut, Plant Prot., 1
(2006) 12-14.
- M.A. Lone, M.R. Wani, S.A. Sheikh, Antagonistic
potentiality of Trichoderma harzianum against
Cladosporium spherospermum, Aspergillus niger and
Fusarium oxysporum, J. Biol. Agric. Healthc., 2 (2012)
72-76.
- G.A. Veena, R. Eswara, R. Bhasakara, Pathogenicity
tests and evaluation of efficacy of fungicides against
Rhizoctonia bataticola, the causal agent of dry root
rot of chickpea, Int. J. Appl. Biol. Pharm., 5 (2014)
283-287.
- E. Lopez, S. Orduz, Metarhizium anisopliae and
Trichoderma viride for control of nests of the fungusgrowing
ant, Atta cephalotes, Biol. Control, 27 (2003)
194-200.
- U. Krauss, E. Hidalgo, C. Arroyo, Interaction
between the entomopathogens Beauveria
bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces
fumosoroseus and the mycoparasites Clonostachys
spp., Trichoderma harzianum and Lecanicillium lecanii,
Biocontrol. Sci. Techn., 14 (2004) 331-346.
- P. Ajith, N. Lakshmidevi, Effect of volatile and nonvolatile
compounds from Trichoderma spp. against
Colletotrichum capsici incitant of anthracnose on bell
peppers, Nat. Sci., 8 (2010) 265-269.
- N. Stoppacher, B. Kluger, S. Zeilinger, R. Krska, R.
Schuhmacher, Identification and profiling of volatile
metabolites of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma
atroviride by HS-SPME-GC-MS, J. Microbiol. Methods.,
1 (2010) 187-193.
- F. Mohiddin, M. Khan, Tolerance of fungal and bacterial
biocontrol agents to six pesticides commonly used in
the control of soil borne plant pathogens, Afr. J. Agric.
Res., 8 (2013) 5331-5334.
- M. Shaik, Non-volatile and volatile metabolites of
antagonistic Trichoderma against collar rot pathogen
of mentha arvensis, Int. J. Pharm., 2 (2011) 56-58.
- S.U. Morath, R. Hung, JW. Bennett, Fungal volatile
organic compounds: a review with emphasis on their
biotechnological potential, Fungal Biol. Rev., 26
(2012) 73-83.
- H.H. Oruc, Fungicides. InTech: Chapter 17, Fungicides
and their effects on animals, (2010) 349-362.
- K. McLean, J. Hunt, A. Stewart, S. Zydenbos,
Compatibility of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma
harzianum C52 with selected fungicides, In:
Proceedings of The New Zealand Plant Protection
Conference, (2001) New Zealand Plant Protection
Society.
- D. Saxena, A. Tewari, D. Rai, The in vitro effect of
some commonly used fungicides, insecticides and
herbicides for their compatibility with Trichoderma
harzianum PBT23, World Appl. Sci. J., 31 (2014) 444-
448.
- P. Parab, M. Diwakar, U. Sawant, J. Kadam, Exploration
of Trichoderma harzianum as antagonist against
Fusarium spp. causing damping off and root rot
disease and its sensitivity to different fungicides, J.
Plant Dis. Sci., 4 (2009) 52-56.