ARDL Analysis for The Effects of R&D Expenditures on Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey Between 2001-2016

Growth rates are one of the leading performance indicators of countries in global competition. Generally, growth leads to an increase in employment rates. Technological investments have a larger share in growth in developed countries. In developing countries the share of infrastructure investments in growth is higher. Infrastructure investments, while stimulating the economy during the investment period, make a very limited contribution to the economy in the period after the investment is over. Industrial investments, on the other hand, contribute to continuous economic growth as they will sell products to the domestic and foreign markets, especially after the investment period. While growth rates follow a more stable course in economically developed countries, they follow a more volatile course in developing countries. If we examine this situation, the economic, social, political, democratic, legal, etc. of the developed countries. They have sufficient progress in these areas and appear as a safe haven in the global capital markets. With this study, the effects of R&D expenditures, number of researchers, scientific publications and obtained patents on national income between 2001 and 2016 in Turkey were investigated. As a method, ARDL and Granger Causality analysis were used by producing different econometric models. According to the results of the causality analysis, it has been determined that there is a one-way causality from economic growth to patent. When the ARDL analysis was examined, it was revealed that there was a positive and 2.5% relationship between R&D and economic growth. In long-term analyzes, however, significant results could not be obtained between R&D and growth.

Keywords:

büyüme, ardl time series analysis, R&D,

PDF

___

Referans1 Acemoğlu D (2008). Introduction to Modern Economic Growth, (Princeton University Press, USA).
Referans2 Aghion P, Howitt P (1992) A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction,, Econometrica 60: 323-351.
Referans3 Aghion P, Howitt P (1998) Endogenous Growth Theory (The MIT Press, Cambridge).
Referans4 Ağır H, Utlu S (2011) Ar-Ge Harcamaları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkileri: OECD Ülkeleri örneği, Uluslararası 9. Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kongresi Bildirileri, Saraybosna-Bosna Hersek.
Referans5 Akçay S (2011) Toplam Ar-Ge Yatırımları ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasında Nedensellik İlişkisi: Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinden Kanıt, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 79-92.
Referans6 Algan N, Manga, M, Tekeoğlu, M. (2017). Teknolojik Gelişme Göstergeleri ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. International Conference on Eurasian Economies 2017: 332-338.
Referans7 Altın O, Kaya A (2009) Türkiye’de Ar-Ge Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensel İlişkinin Analizi. Ege Akademik Bakış 9(1), 251-259.
Referans8 Arrow K J (1962) The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing. Rev. Econ. Studies 29: 155-73.
Referans9 Aslan A (2012) The Relationship Between Military Spending and Black Market Premium in Greece An ARDL Approach, Transition Studies Review Cilt: 2 Sayı: 19
Referans10 Aslan A (2013) Causality Between Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach, Energy Sources Part B Economics Planning and Policy, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 9
Referans11 Ateş S (1998) Yeni İçsel Büyüme Teorileri Ve Türkiye Ekonomisinin Büyüme, Dinamiklerinin Analizi, Doktora Tezi, T.C. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İktisat Anabilim Dalı, Adana.
Referans12 Bahmani-Oskooee M, Chi Wing Ng R (2002) Long-Run Demand for Money in Hong Kong: An Application of The ARDL Model, International Journal of Business and Economics, Vol.1, No.2, 147-155.
Referans13 Bozkurt C (2015) R&D Expenditures and Economic Growth Relationship in Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5 (1), 188-198.
Referans14 Fernandez N, Martinez V, Sanchez-Robles B (2015) R&D and Growth in the Spanish Regions: An Empirical Approximation‖. International Journal of Business and Social Science, No: 3/10.
Referans15 Genç M C, Atasoy Y (2010) Ar&Ge Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme ilişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi, 5(2), 27-34.
Referans16 Granger, C W J (1969) Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica 37:424–438.
Referans17 Gülmez A, Yardımcıoğlu F (2012) OECD Ülkelerinde Ar-Ge Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizi (1990-2010), Maliye Dergisi, 163, 335-353.
Referans18 Korkmaz S (2010) Türkiye’de Ar-Ge Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki ilişkinin VAR Modeli ile Analizi, Journal of Yasar University, 5, 3320-3330.
Referans19 Köse Z, Şentürk M (2017) Ar-Ge - Patent Harcamaları Ve Teknolojik İlerlemenin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Uygulama. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (Akad), 9 (17), 215-221.
Referans20 Nkoro E, Uko K A (2016). Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Cointegration Technique: Application and Interpretation, Journal of Statistical and Econometric Methods, vol.5, no.4, pp. 63-91
Referans21 Özer M, Çiftçi N (2008) Ar-Ge Tabanlı İçsel Büyüme Modelleri ve Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Panel Veri Analizi, SÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(16), 219-239.
Referans22 Sağlam, Y , Egeli, H , Egeli, P . (2017). The Relationship between R&D Expenditures and Economic Growth for Some Developed and Developing Countries: A Panel Data Analysis. Sosyoekonomi , 25 (31) , 149-166 . DOI: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.288873
Referans23 Sevüktekin M, Nargeleçekenler M (2005) Zaman Serileri Analizi (Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara)
Referans24 Taban S, Şengür M (2013). Türkiye’de Ar-Ge ve Ekonomik Büyüme. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(1), 355-376.
Referans25 Tarı R (2005) Ekonometri (3. Baskı Kocaeli Üniversitesi Yayınları, İzmit)
Referans26 Taş, Ş., Taşar İ. ve AcciY. (2017).Ar-Ge Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2):197-206.
Referans27 Türedi, S. (2016). The Relationship between R&D Expenditures, Patent Applications and Growth: A Dynamic Panel Causality Analysis for OECD Countries. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(1), 39 - 48.
Referans28 Ülkü H (2004) R&D, Innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis. IMF Working Paper, No.04/185.
Referans29 Yaylalı M, Akan Y, Işık C (2010) Türkiye'de Ar&Ge Yatırım Harcamaları Ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Eş Bütünleşme Ve Nedensellik İlişkisi: 1990–2009”, The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management.