Nazan AN, Mustafa Tufan TURP, Levent KURNAZ

İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNE BAĞLI ÇEVRESEL BOZULMANIN GÖÇ KARARINA ETKİSİ: GENEL BİR BAKIŞ

Gelişmiş ülkelerde son 30 yıldaki nüfus artışının ana kaynağını göç oluşturmaktadır. Görünen o ki son yıllarda iklim değişikliğinin neden olduğu çevresel bozulma ile ortaya çıkan iklim mültecisi sorunu, çağımızın en önemli insani krizlerinden biri olma yolundadır. Bununla birlikte, “çevresel mülteci” ve “iklim mültecisi” konularında uluslararası kavramsal ve yasal belirsizlikler, politika eksiklikleri, buna bağlı ülkelerin veri izlemede ve kaydetmede yaşadıkları zorluklar bu alandaki araştırmaları sınırlayan en önemli sorunlardan biridir. Bir başka ifadeyle çevresel mülteci kavramının kabul edilmesi, “çevresel mülteci” ve “iklim mültecisi” kavramlarının netlik kazanması, çok sayıda insanın zorunlu göçünün sorumluluğunu üstlenmek anlamına gelebileceğinden çok yönlü endişeleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Çevresel göç konusunda yaygın iki görüşten biri göç kararı almada iklim değişikliği riskleriyle yüzleşmenin yeterli olduğu, diğeri ise iklim değişikliği kaynaklı kısa ya da uzun dönemli aşırı hava olaylarının tetiklediği afetlerin tek başına yeterli olamayacağı; bunun yanı sıra bireylerin ya da ailelerin yaşam alanlarını terk etmelerinde gelenekleri, çevresel etkileşimleri, aile yapıları, kültürel özellikleri ve demografik yapıları gibi birtakım bağlayıcı faktörlerin bulunduğu yönündedir. Bu çalışma, iklim değişikliğine bağlı kısa ya da uzun dönemli aşırı hava olaylarının etkisiyle oluşan çevresel bozulmaların birey ve toplumların yaşamları üzerindeki etkilere dayalı farklılaşan tutumlarını değerlendirerek çevresel göç kavramını birçok yönüyle ele almakta, literatürdeki farklı görüş ve bakış açılarına yer vermektedir. Buna göre, iklim değişikliği kaynaklı göçün genel olarak tüm dünyayı etkileyeceği, ancak sosyoekonomik faktörlere bağlı bu etkinin daha az ya da daha çok olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu kapsamda yeterli ekonomik güce, başarılı uyum politikalarına ve siyasi istikrara sahip olan ülkeler iklim değişikliği risklerinden daha az etkilendiği için insan hareketliliği bu ülkelerde daha az olmakta, tam tersi durumda ise sosyoekonomik stresteki artışa bağlı insan hareketliliği potansiyeli artmaktadır. Diğer taraftan uluslararası hukukta çevresel mülteci kavramı belirsizliği ve yasal koruma statü eksikliği gelecekte özellikle insan hakları açısından kararların sorgulanmasına ve ülkeler arası birçok hukuksal anlaşmazlığa sebep olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Göç, çevresel bozulma ve göç, iklim değişikliği ve göç, çevresel mülteci, iklim mültecisi

The Effect of Environmental Degradation Due to Climate Change on Migration Decision: A General Overview

Migration has been the main source of population growth in developed countries in the last three decades. It seems that the problem of climate refugees, which has emerged with the environmental degradation caused by climate change in recent years, is on the way to become one of the pivotal humanitarian crises of our age. On the other hand, international conceptual and legal uncertainties, policy deficiencies, and the difficulties faced by countries in monitoring and collecting data on "environmental refugee" and "climate refugee" are one of the most crucial problems limiting research in this field. In other words, accepting the concept of environmental refugee and the clarification of the concepts of "environmental refugee" and "climate refugee" bring along multifaceted concerns as it may mean taking responsibility for the forced migration of large numbers of people. One of the two common views on environmental migration is that it is sufficient to face the risks of climate change in making a migration decision. Another view is that disasters triggered by short-term or long-term extreme weather events arising from climate change will not be sufficient alone. In addition to this, there are some binding factors such as traditions, environmental interactions, family structures, cultural characteristics, and demographic structures in individuals or families leaving their living spaces. This study addresses the concept of environmental migration in many ways by examining the diversifying attitudes of individuals and societies based on the effects of environmental degradation due to the impacts of short-term or long-term extreme weather events stemming from climate change on their lives and it also includes different views and perspectives in the literature. Accordingly, it has been concluded that migration due to climate change will affect the whole world in general, but this effect will be less or more depending on socioeconomic factors. In this context, since countries with sufficient economic power, successful adaptation policies and political stability are less affected by climate change risks, human mobility is less in those countries, and on the contrary, human mobility potential increases due to the increase in socioeconomic stress. On the other hand, the ambiguity of the environmental refugee concept in international law and the lack of legal protection status will lead to the questioning of decisions in the future, especially in terms of human rights, and many legal disputes between countries.

Keywords:

Migration, environmental degradation and migration, climate change and migration, environmental refugee, climate refugee,

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