DERYA ADIBELLİ, İlknur ÖZKAN, Hasan Ömür ÖZKAN

Retrospective Analysis of Pesticide Poisoning in Rural Area

Acute pesticide poisoning is an important public health problem. This research was done for the purposes of retrospectively examining the relationships between the recorded pesticide poisonings and socio-demographic factors. This retrospective descriptive study was conducted between December 2017 and February 2018. It was exami ned that thirty-two cases presented for pesticide poisoning between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2017 to the Emergency Service of the Kumluca Public Hospital. The hospital records were used to collect the research data. The χ2 test and logistic regression analysis were used, as well as descriptive statistics. It was found that 12 cases used pesticides to commit suicide, and 9 cases presented to psychiatry polycl inics after a suicide attempt. It was found that pesticide poisoning was mostly in spring. The poisonings occurred most often via the gastrointestinal tract, inhalation, skin respectively. It was found that poisoning in order to attempt suicide in women we re higher, and accidental and professional poisonings in men were higher. In the logistic regression analysis, it was found that the use of pesticides to commit suicide differed according to the gender (OR = 0.070, p < 0.05). This study revealed the existence of pesticide poisonings, and especially, suicidal attempts due to pesticides in a rural area.

PDF

___

1. Crowdhary S, Bhattacharyya R, Banerjee D. Acute organophosphorus poisoning. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431: 66-76.

2. Mathai A, Bhanu MS. Acute aluminium phosphide poisoning: can we predict mortality? Indian J Anaesth 2010; 54: 302-307.

3. Kesavachandran CN, Fareed M, Pathak MK, Bihari V, Mathur N, Srivastava AK. Adverse health effects of pesticides in agrarian populations of developing countries. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2009; 200: 33-52.

4. Litchfield MH. Estimates of acute pesticide poisoning in agricultural workers in less developed countries. Toxicol Rev 2005; 24: 271- 278.

5. Lekei E, Ngovi AV, London L. Hospital-based surveillance for acute pesticide poisoning caused by neurotoxic and other pesticides in Tanzania. Neurotoxicology 2014; 45: 318-326.

6. Moses V, Peter JV. Acute intentional toxicity: endosulfan and other organochlorines. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48: 539-544.

7. Roberts DM, Dissanayake W, Rezvi Sheriff MH, Eddleston M. Refractory status epilepticus following self-poisoning with the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan. J Clin Neurosci 2004; 11: 760-762.

8. Heller M, Hanahan DJ. Human erythrocyte membrane bound enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1972; 255: 251-272.

9. Dvir H, Silman I, Harel M, Rosenberry TL, Sussman JL. Acetylcholinesterase: from 3D structure to function. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187: 10-22.

10. Hobbiger F. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphorus compounds & its reversal [Abridged]. Proc R Soc Med 1961; 54: 403-405.

11. Kwong TC. Organophosphate pesticides: biochemistry and clinical toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 2002; 24: 144-149.

12. Singh S, Sharma N. Neurological syndromes following organophosphate poisoning. Neurol India 2000; 48: 308-313.

13. Meyer A, Koifman S, Koifman RJ, Moreira JC, de Rezende Chrisman J, Abreu-Villaca Y. Mood disorders hospitalizations, suicide attempts, and suicide mortality among agricultural workers and residents in an area with intensive use of pesticides in Brazil. J Toxicol Environ Health 2010; 73: 866-877.

14. Freire C, Koiffman S. Pesticides, depression and suicide: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216: 445-460.

15. Stallones L, Beseler CL. Assessing the connection between organophosphate pesticide poisoning and mental health: a comparison of neuropsychological symptoms from clinical observations, animal models and epidemiological studies. Cortex 2016; 74: 405-416.

16. Mew EJ, Padmanathan P, Konradsen F, et al. The global burden of fatal self-poisoning with pesticides 2006-2015: systematic review. J Affect Disord 2017; 219: 93-104.

17. Gunnell D, Eddleston M, Phillips MR, Konradsen F. The global distribution of fatal pesticide selfpoisoning: systematic review. BMC Public Health 2007; 7: 357.

18. Somasundaram KV, Patil A, Shukla SK. Epidemiological profile of OP poisoning cases treated at Pravara Hospital, Loni, India. Indian J Soc Prev Med 2009; 40: 185-188.

19. Gunnell D, Knipe D, Chang SS, et al. Prevention of suicide with regulations aimed at restricting access to highly hazardous pesticides: a systematic review of the international evidence. Lancet Glob Health 2017; 5: 1026-1037.

20. Poisoning prevention and management. https://www.who.int/ipcs/poisons/en/ (accessed April 13, 2018).

21. Miller M, Azrael D, Hemenway D. The epidemiology of case fatality rates for suicide in the northeast. Ann Emerg Med 2004; 43: 723-730.

22. Brown TP, Rumsby PC, Capleton AC, Rushton L, Levy LS. Pesticides and Parkinson’s disease – is there a link? Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114: 156-164.

23. Rohlman DS, Lasarev M, Anger WK., Scherer J, Stupfel J, McCauley L. Neurobehavioral performance of adult and adolescent agricultural workers. Neurotoxicology 2007; 28: 374-380.

24. Moretto A, Colosio C. Biochemical and toxicological evidence of neurological effects of pesticides: the example of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32: 383-391.

25. London L. Neurobehavioral methods, effects, and prevention: workers’ human rights are why the field matters for developing countries. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30: 1135-1143.

26. Beseler CL, Stallones L. Safety knowledge, safety behaviors depression and injuries in Colorado farm residents. Am J Ind Med 2010; 53: 47-54.

27. World Health Organization. (2016). Safer access to pesticides for suicide prevention. Experiences from community interventions. Geneva: World Health Organization.

28. Pearson M, Metcalfe C, Jayamanne S, et al. Effectiveness of household lockable pesticide storage to reduce pesticide self-poisoning in rural Asia: a community-based, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017; 390: 1863-1872.

29. TR63 Bölgesi Seracılık (Örtü altı bitki yetiştiriciliği) Sektör Raporu”, 2015. http://www.dogaka.gov.tr/Icerik/Dosya/www.d ogaka.gov.tr_622_LK5L43WG_Seracilik-ortualtiBitki-Yetistiriciligi-Sektor-Raporu-2015.pdf (accessed March 12, 2018). (in Turkish)

30. Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A, Eddleston M, Gunnell D. Deaths from pesticide poisoning: a global response. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 189: 201- 203.

31. Sungur M, Güven M. Intensive care management of organophosphate insecticide poisoning. Crit Care 2001; 5: 211-215.

32. Cantor KP, Blair A, Everett G, et al. Pesticides and other agricultural risk factors for nonHodgkin’s lymphoma among men in Iowa and Minnesota. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 2447-2455.

33. Zhang X, Wu M, Yao H, et al. Pesticide poisoning and neurobehavioral function among farm workers in Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China. Cortex 2016; 74: 394-406.

34. Mackenzie Ross SJ, Brewin CR, Curran HV, Furlong CE, Abraham-Smith KM, Harrison V. Neuropsychological and psychiatric functioning in sheep farmers exposed to low levels of organophosphate pesticides, Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32: 452-459.

35. Rohlman DS, Anger KW, Lein PJ. Correlating neurobehavioral performance with biomarkers of organophosphorus pesticide exposure. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32: 268-276.

36. Chhetri UD, Ansari I, Shrestha S. Patterns of pediatric poisoning and accident in Patan Hospital. Kathmandu Univ Med J 2012; 10: 39- 43.

37. Balme KH, Roberts JC, Glasstone M, Curling I, Mann MD. The changing trends of childhood poisoning at a tertiary children’s hospital in South Africa. S Afr Med J 2012; 102: 142-146.

38. Peshin SS, Srivastava A, Halder N, Gupta YK. Pesticide poisoning trend analysis of 13 years: a retrospective study based on telephone calls at the National Poisons Information Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. J Forensic Leg Med 2014; 22: 57-61.

39. Meral C, Tuncer İ, Topal C, Ayakta H, Durmuş A, Aksoy H. Organik fosfor intoksikasyonları ile ilgili retrospektif araştırma. Van Tıp Dergisi 2000; 7: 163-168.

40. Idiz N, Karakus A, Dalgıç M. The forensic deaths caused by pesticide poisoning between the years 2006 and 2009 in Izmir, Turkey. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57: 1014-1016.

41. Kahraman N, Yanturalı S, Kalkan S, Oray N, Hocaoğlu N, Turhan A. Evaluating the relationship between serum acetylcolinesterase levels and clinical course and mortality of patients presented with organophosphate and carbamate poisonings. Turk J Emerg Med 2008; 8: 121-126.

42. Kır Z, Öztürk G, Gürler M, et al. Pesticide poisoning cases in Ankara and nearby cities in Turkey: an 11-year retrospective analysis. J Forensic Leg Med 2013; 20: 274-277.

43. Vougiouklakis T, Boumba VA, Mitselou A, Peschos D, Gerontopoulos K. Trends in suicide mortality in the deprived region of Epirus (NorthWestern Greece) during the period 1998-2002. Med Sci Law 2006; 45: 39-46.

44. Recena MC, Pires DX, Caldas ED. Acute poisoning with pesticides in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 2006; 357: 88-95.

45. London L, Flisher AJ, Wesseling C, Mergler D, Kromhout M. Suicide and exposure to organophosphate insecticides: cause or effect? Am J Ind Med 2005; 47: 308-321.

46. Wesseling C, van Wendel de Joode B, Keifer M, London L, Mergler D, Stallones L. Symptoms of psychological distress and suicidal ideation among banana workers with a history of poisoning by organophosphate or n-methyl carbamate pesticides. Occup Environ Med 2010; 67: 778- 784.

47. Macfarlane E, Simpson P, Benke G, Sim MR. Suicide in Australian pesticide-exposed workers. Occup Med (Lond) 2011; 61: 259-264.

48. Beard JD, Umbach DM, Hoppin JA, et al. Suicide and pesticide use among pesticide applicators and their spouses in the Agricultural Health Study. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119: 1610-1615.

49. Leveridge YR. Pesticide poisoning in Costa Rica during 1996. Vet Hum Toxicol 1998; 40: 42-44.

50. Yürümez Y, Durukan P, Yavuz Y, et al. Acute organophosphate poisoning in university hospital emergency room patients. Intern Med 2007; 46: 965-969.

51. Gargi J, Rai H, Chanana A, Rai G, Sharma G, Bagga IJ. Current trend of poisoning-a hospital profile. J Indian Med Assoc 2006; 104: 72-73.

52. Bose A, Sandal Sejbaek C, Suganthy V, et al. Selfharm and self-poisoning in southern India: choice of poisoning agents and treatment. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14: 761-765.

53. Aaron R, Joseph A, Abraham S, et al. Suicide in young people in rural people in rural southern India. Lancet 2004; 363: 1117-1118.

54. Prasad J, Abraham VJ, Minz S, et al. Rates and factors associated with suicide in Kaniyambadi Block, Tamil Nadu, South India 2000-02. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2006; 52: 65-71.

55. Page A, Liu S, Gunnell D, et al. Suicide by pesticide poisoning remains a priority for suicide prevention in China: analysis of national mortality trends 2006-2013. J Affect Disord 2017; 208: 418- 423.