Yoksulluğun Çok Boyutlu Olarak Ölçülmesi ve Ülkeler Arasında Yoksulluk Sıralamalarının Yapılması

Yoksulluğun ölçülmeden önce tanımlanması ve kavramsal olarak anlaşılması gerekir. Yoksulluğun tanımı genişledikçe ölçülmesi de o kadar zorlaşmaktadır. Yoksulluğun tanımlarına göre ölçümünde kullanılan göstergeler farklılık gösterir. Bu yüzden yoksulluğun kesin tanımlarının yapılması ölçümler açısından çok önemlidir. Tanımların değişmesi sonucunda değişen yoksulluk göstergeleri farklı insanları ve grupları yoksul olarak tanımlar. Ayrıca, yoksulluğun tanımlarının değişmesi yoksullukla mücadelede de farklı politikalara yol açar. Yoksulluğu tanımlayabilmek için en sıkça kullanılan bir yaklaşım da A.Sen’in Kapasite Yaklaşımıdır. Kapasite yaklaşımında yoksulluk temel kapasitelere ulaşamamak olarak tanımlanır. BM Kalkınma Programı tarafından hesaplanan İnsani Gelişme ve İnsani Yoksulluk Endeksleri A.Sen’in Kapasite Yaklaşımına dayanır. Çok boyutlu olarak hesaplanan endekslerde parasal olmayan göstergeler kullanılarak insani gelişmenin veya yoksulluğun düzeyleri hesaplanır.

Before measuring the level of poverty, poverty should be clearly and conceptually understood. When the definition of poverty broadens, its measurement becomes more complicated. The indicators, which are used to evaluate poverty, change with its definitions. Having clear definitions of poverty is important for its measurement. When the definitions of poverty changes, the indicators identify different people and groups as poor. In addition, changing definitions of poverty causes different poverty reduction strategies. One of the most popular perspective for understanding poverty is the Capability Approach of A. Sen. In the capability approach, poverty is defined as lack of main capacities. The Human Development and Poverty Indexes which are estimated by UNDP is based on the Capability Approach of A. Sen. Non-monetary indicators are used in these multidimensional indexes to evaluate the extent of human development and poverty.

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