Are the Caring Behaviors of Future Nurses Affected by Their Gender Attitudes? A Cross-Sectional Study

The aim of the study is to determine the correlation between attitudes of Turkish nursing students toward gender roles and their perceptions of caring behaviors. The study was conducted based on cross-sectional, descriptive and relational design. First- and fourth-year nursing undergraduate students studying at four state universities located in a large city in Türkiye were included in the study (n=541). Three forms including “Descriptive Characteristics Form”, “The Gender Roles Attitude Scale” and “Caring Assessment Questionnaire” were used as data collection tools. The students' GRAS mean score was 147.12±15.47 and the highest subscale mean was detected in the egalitarian gender role subscale. The students' Care-Q total mean score was 4.99±1.34 and the highest subscale mean was observed in the “Monitors and Follows Through” subscale. As a result of the study, it was observed that there was a statistically significant positive and very weak correlation between the nursing students' caring behaviors and attitudes toward gender roles. The results indicated that the students participating in the study had an egalitarian attitude and as the egalitarian attitude increased, their caring assessment behaviors also increased.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Attitude, Behavior, Gender role, Gender equility, Nursing care, Students

Are the Caring Behaviors of Future Nurses Affected by Their Gender Attitudes? A Cross-Sectional Study

Keywords:

Attitude, Behavior, Gender role, Gender equility, Nursing care, Students,

PDF

___

Akkaş İ. 2019. Cinsiyet ve toplumsal cinsiyet kavramları çerçevesinde ortaya çıkan toplumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığı. Ekev Akad Derg, ICOAEF Özel Sayısı: 97-118. DOI: 10.17753/Ekev1038.
Aksan HAD, Ergin I, Hassoy H, Durusoy R, Çiçeklioğlu M. 2011. Müfredata eklenen bir dersin ikinci sınıf tıp öğrencilerinin kadına yönelik şiddetle ilgili bilgi ve tutumlarına etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Turkish J Pub Health, 9(3): 144-156. DOI: 10.20518/tjph.173060.
Başar F, Demirci N. 2018. Attitudes of nursing students toward gender roles: a cross-sectional study. Contemp Nurs, 54(3): 333-344. DOI: 10.1080/10376178.2018.1504623.
Birimoğlu C, Ayaz S. 2015. Nursing students’ perceptions of caring behaviors. J Hacettepe Univ Fac Nurs, 2(3): 40-48.
Boniol M, McIsaac M, Xu L, Wuliji T, Diallo K, Campbell J. 2019. Gender equity in the health workforce: analysis of 104 countries (No. WHO/HIS/HWF/Gender/WP1/2019.1). World Health Organization. URL: https://www.who.int/publications/ (accessed date: May 10, 2023).
Brown B, Nolan P, Crawford P. 2000. Men in nursing: Ambivalence in care, gender and masculinity. Int History Nurs J, 5: 4-13.
Cakiroglu OC, Seren AKH. 2022. Psychometric properties of the Gender Role Attitudes Scale among Turkish nursing students and factors affecting their attitudes. Persp Psychiat Care, 58(2): 706-714. DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12840.
Celebi E, Kargin M. 2019. Social gender and nursing in Türkiye: A qualitative research. J Pakistan Medic Assoc, 69(8): 1184-1186.
Çetişli NE, Top ED, Işık G. 2017. Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği dersini alan ve almayan üniversite öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumları, Florence Nightingale Hemş Derg, 25(2): 104-110.
CHE. 2015. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Genel Kurul Kararı, URL: http://www.yok.gov.tr/documents/18755141/21995128/45_yokten_kadın_calıstayı_kararı.pdf (accessed date: May 10, 2023).
Cho S, Jang SJ. 2021. Do Gender role stereotypes and patriarchal culture affect nursing students’ major satisfaction?. Int J Environ Res Pub Health, 18(5): 2607. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052607.
Clow KA, Ricciardelli R, Bartfay WJ. 2014. Attitudes and stereotypes of male and female nurses: the influence of social roles and ambivalent sexism. Canadian J Behav Sci, 46(3): 446-455. DOI: 10.1037/a0034248.
Duman M, Aydin LZ. 2021. The relationship between the sexual care attitudes, beliefs and self-efficacy of nursing students and gender roles: A cross-sectional study. Persps Psychiat Care, 58(4): 1983-1990. DOI. 10.1111/ppc.13020.
Erbil N. 2019. Üniversite öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri tutumları ve yaşam değerleri arasındaki ilişki. Ordu Üniv Hemş Çalış Derg, 2(1): 33-45.
Eskimez Z, Acaroğlu R. 2019. Validity and reliability of Turkish version of caring assessment questionnaire. Cukurova Medic J, 44(4):1172-1180. DOI: 10.17826/cumj.496287.
Ferri P, Stifani S, Morotti E, Nuvoletta M, Bonetti L, Rovesti S, Di Lorenzo R. 2020. Perceptions of caring behavior among undergraduate nursing students: a three-cohort observational study. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 2020: 1311-1322. DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S279063.
Global Gender Gap Report. 2022. URL: https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2022/ (accessed date: December 07, 2022).
Göçmen Baykara Z. 2014. The consept of nursing care. Turkish J Bioethics, 1(2): 92-99. DOI: 10.5505/tjob.2014.54264.
Gökşin İ, Erzincanlı S. 2020. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine yönelik tutumları ile bakım davranışları arasındaki ilişki. Türkiye Klin J Nurs Sci, 12(1): 49-55. DOI: 10.5336/nurses.2019-66259.
Gönç T. 2016. Hemşireliğin geleceği mesleğin cinsiyetsizleşmesini vadediyor mu? Erkek ve kadın hemşirelik oğrencilerinin meslek ve toplumsal cinsiyeti ilişkilendirme eğilimlerinin sosyolojik analizi. Feminist Eleştiri, 8(1):144-167.
Gözütok Konuk T, Tanyer D. 2019. Investigation of nursing students' perception of caring behaviors. J Caring Sci, 8(4): 191-197. DOI: 10.15171/jcs. 2019.027.
Gül Ş. 2019. Bakım Kavramı işığında hemşirelik bakımı ve etkileyen faktörler. Acıbadem Üniv Sağlık Bil Derg, (2): 129-134.
Hung CA, Wu PL, Liu NY, Hsu WY, Lee BO, Pai HC. 2019. The effect of gender‐friendliness barriers on perceived image in nursing and caring behaviour among male nursing students. J Clin Nurs, 28(9-10): 1465-1472. DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14693.
Joonbakhsh F, Pashaee S. 2014. Caring Behaviors perceived by nurses and students in critical care units in tabriz university of medical sciences affiliated hospitals. Intl Res J Appl Basic Sci, 8 (4): 489-493.
Kellett P, Gregory DM, Evans J. 2014. Patriarchal paradox: Gender performance and men’s nursing careers. Gend Manag, 29(2): 77-90. DOI: 10.1108/GM-06-2013-0063.
Kim M, Nam HA. 2013. Study on sexual attitude, gender role perception, and sex communication of nursing students. J Converg Info Tech, 8(14): 452-458.
Labrague LJ, McEnroe-Petitte DM, Papathanasiou IV, Edet OB, Arulappan J. 2015. Impact of instructors’ caring on students’ perceptions of their own caring behaviors. J Nurs Scholarship, 47(4): 338-346. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12139.
Larson PJ. 1981. Oncology patients’ and professional nurses’ perceptions of ımportant nurse caring behaviors dissertation abstracts ınternational, 42/02, 568-B. University Microfilms No. 81-6511, unpublished dissertation, University Microfilms, University of California, San Francisco, US, pp: 176.
Liu NY, Hsu WY, Hung CA, Wu PL, Pai HC. 2019. The effect of gender role orientation on student nurses’ caring behaviour and critical thinking. Int J Nurs Stud, 89: 18-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.09.005.
Loke JC, Lee KW, Lee BK, Noor AM. 2015. Caring behaviours of student nurses: effects of pre-registration nursing education. Nurse Educ Pract, 15(6): 421-429. DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2015.05.005.
Merry L, Vissandjée B, Verville-Provencher K. 2021. Challenges, coping responses and supportive interventions for international and migrant students in academic nursing programs in major host countries: a scoping review with a gender lens. BMC Nurs, 20: 1-37. DOI: 10.1186/s12912-021-00678-0.
Olafsdottir K. 2018. Iceland is the best, but still not equal. Sökelys på Arbeidslivet, 35(1-2): 111-126. DOI: 10.18261/issn.1504-7989-2018-01-02-0.
Özkan İ, Taylan S, Adıbelli D, Yılmaz FT. 2021. Investigation of the relationship between nursing students’ disgust sensitivity and caring behaviours. Nurs Educ Pract, 54: 103090. DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103090.
Öztürk FÖ, Tezel A, Aker MN. 2021. Attitudes of nursing students on gender roles and women's working. Turkiye Klin J Nurs Sci, 13(2): 266-274. DOI: 10.5336/nurses.2020-78468.
Pai HC, Wu PL, Hsu WY, Hung CA, Liu NY, Yen WJ. 2021. The effect of a situation model nursing education action program on gender-bias awareness and gender-friendliness barriers in novice nursing students. Nurse Educ Pract, 54: 103129. DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103129.
Pajnkihar M, Kocbek P, Musović K, Tao Y, Kasimovskaya N, Štiglic G, Vrbnjak D. 2020. An international cross-cultural study of nursing students' perceptions of caring. Nurs Educ Today, 84: 104214. DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104214.
Park S, Kwon DW, Kim D, Kim SH. 2019. Influences of genderrelated perceptions and experiences in nursing professionalism: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Health Sci, 21: 515-522. DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12636.
Petrou A, Sakellari E, Psychogiou M, Karassavidis S, Imbrahim S, Savvidis G, Sapountzi-Krepia D. 2017. Nursing students’ perceptions of caring: A qualitative approach. Int J Caring Sci, 10(3): 1148-1157.
Prosen M. 2022. Nursing students’ perception of gender-defined roles in nursing: a qualitative descriptive study. BMC Nurs, 21(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.1186/s12912-022-00876-4.
Saewyc E. 2017. A global perspective on gender roles and identity. J Adoles Health, 61(4): 1-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.07.010.
Shakwane S. 2022. Men in the service of humanity: Sociocultural perceptions of the nursing profession in South Africa. African J Health Profes Educ, 14(4): 177-181. DOI: 10.7196/AJHPE.2022.v14i4.1546.
Shmilovitz R, Itzhaki M, Koton S. 2021. Associations between gender, sex types and caring behaviours among nurses in mental health. J Psychiat Mental Health Nurs, 28(3): 422-429. DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12694.
Simpson R. 2011. Men discussing women and women discussing men: reflexivity, transformation and gendered practice in the context of nursing care. Gender Work Org, 18(4): 377-398.
Sumarsono I, Kusumawati E, Anggraeni Amalo E, Agusalim ID, Nurisma RA. 2023. Gender roles in Giambattista Basile’s Sun, Moon, and Talia, and Walt Disney’s sleeping beauty. World J English Lang, 13(1): 195-199. DOI: 10.5430/wjel.v13n1p195.
Taşocak G. 2016. Hemşirelik ve hemşirelik eğitimine genel bakış. Aştı, A. Karadağ (Ed). Hemşirelik esasları bilgiden uygulamaya: kavramlar-ilkeler-beceriler 1. Akademi Yayıncılık, İstanbul, Türkiye, pp: 18-23.
Tekbas S, Pola G. 2020. Evaluation of gender equality attitudes of Turkish and foreign nursing students at a private university. Pakistan J Medic Sci, 36(5): 884. DOI: 10.12669/pjms.36.5.2365.
Tekkas KK, Beser A, Park S. 2020. Ambivalent sexism of nursing students in Türkiye and South Korea: A cross-cultural comparison study. Nurs Health Sci, 22: 612-619. DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12705.
Ünal Toprak F, Turan Z. 2021. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin algılarının değerlendirilmesi: Nitel çalışma. İnönü Üniv Sağlık Hiz Meslek Yüksekokulu Derg, 9(3): 938-953. DOI: 10.33715/inonusaglik.840472.
Ushiro R, Nakayama K. 2010. Gender role attitudes of hospital nurses in Japan: Their relation to burnout, perceptions of physician–nurse collaboration, evaluation of care, and intent to continue working. Japan J Nurs Sci, 7(1): 55-64. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2010.00138.x.
WHO. 2021. Gender and health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/ gender#tab=tab_1 (accessed date: January 05, 2023).
Zamanzadeh V, Valizadeh L, Azimzadeh R, Aminaie N, Yousefzadeh S. 2014. First and fourth-year student’s perceptions about importance of nursing care behaviors: socialization toward caring. J Caring Sci, 3(2): 93-101. DOI: 10.5681/jcs.2014.010.
Zeyneloğlu S, Terzioğlu F. 2011. Development and psychometric properties gender roles attitude scale. Hacettepe Univ J Educ, 40: 409-420.