Thomas Paine ve Aydınlanma Siyasal Düşüncesinde Devrimcilik

Thomas Paine 18. Yüzyılın özellikle Amerikan siyasal düşüncesi bağlamında çok bilinen ama ilginç bir biçimde hakkında yeterince çalışma yapılmayan figürlerinden birisidir. Paine abartılı tepkilerin odağında yer almıştır. Ya aşırı bir biçimde övülmüş ya da yerilmiştir. Oysa ki, Paine 18. Yüzyıl siyasal düşünce tarihinin ana gelişmeleri içerisinde yer alır. Diğer bir ifadeyle, 18. Yüzyılın Amerikan Devrimi ve Fransız Devrimi gibi temel siyasal gelişmelerinin entelektüel tarihi Paine’ye dikkat etmeksizin kolaylıkla anlaşılamaz. İngiltere’de doğan Paine, Amerikan Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi’nin ilanından bir müddet önce Amerika’ya göç etmiş, kolonilerin Britanya’ya karşı mücadelelerine destek vermiş, devrim sonrasında 1787 yılında Avrupa’ya gitmiş ve Fransız Devrimi’ne şahitlik etmiştir. Bu açıdan Paine’nin kişisel entelektüel ve siyasal biyografisi Aydınlanma hareketinin ve düşüncesinin çok önemli bir tarafını temsil eder. Bu makalede Paine Amerikan Aydınlanması bağlamında değerlendirilmeye çalışılacak, onun aydınlanma siyasal düşüncesine katkısı değerlendirilecektir.

Thomas Paine and Revolutionism in Enlightenment Political Thought

Thomas Paine is one of the well-known but interesting figures of the 18th century, especially in the field of American political thought. He is an influential philosopher who witnessed and played crucial roles in the political philosophy of the 18th century, i.e., as a British citizen who emigrated to America shortly before the Declaration of Independence, he supported the colonies' struggle against Britain, then went to Europe in 1787 and witnessed the French Revolution. In this respect, Paine's personal intellectual and political biography represents a very important aspect of the Enlightenment movement and thought. In this article, this aspect and how it makes new interpretations possible will be exhibited and exemplified.

PDF

___

Bourke, R. (2015). Empire & Revolution: The Political Life of Edmund Burke. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Claeys, G. (1989). Thomas Paine: Social and Political Thought. Boston: Unwin Hyman Inc.
Clark, J. C. D. (2018). Thomas Paine: Britain, America, and France in the Age of Enlightenment and Revolution. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Cotlar, S. (2011). Tom Paine’s America: The Rise and Fall of Transatlantic Radicalism in The Early Republic. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press.
Ferguson, R. A. (2000). The Commonalities of Common Sense. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 57 (3), 465-504.
Foner, E. (2005). Tom Paine and Revolutionary America. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fruchtman, J. (2009). The Political Philosophy of Thomas Paine. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hoffman, D. C. (2013). The Creation We Behold: Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason and the Tradition of Physico-Theology. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 157 (3), 281-303.
Hughes, P. W. (2016). Irreligion Made Easy: The Reaction to Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason. New Directions in Thomas Paine Studies. (Eds. S. Cleary and I. L. Stabell). Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 109-131.
Jefferson, T. (1821). From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 19 January 1821. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-1778. Erişim Tarihi: 30 Haziran 2019.
Kaye, H. J. (2000). Thomas Paine Firebrand of the Revolution. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Kuklick, B. (2000). Introduction. Thomas Paine: Political Writings. (Ed. B. Kuklick). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, vii-xxiii.
Lamb, R. (2010). Liberty, Equality, and the Boundaries of Ownership: Thomas Paine's Theory of Property Rights. The Review of Politics, 72 (3), 483-511.
Larkin, E. (2005). Thomas Paine and the Literature of Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lounissi, C. (2016). Thomas Paine’s Democratic Linguistic Radicalism: A Political Philosophy of Language? Radical Voices, Radical Ways: Articulating and Disseminating Radicalism in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Britain. (Eds. L. Curelly and N. Smith). Manchester, Manchester University Press, 60-79.
Merriam, C. E. (1899). Thomas Paine's Political Theories. Political Science Quarterly, 14 (3), 389-403.
Oakeshott, M. (2004). What is History and Other Essays. (Ed. L. O’Sullivan). Exeter: Impirint Academic.
Paine, T. (1780). Chapter VIII - Address to the People of England - Philadelphia, March, 1780. http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1776-1785/thomas-paineamerican- crisis/chapter-viii---address-to-the-people-of-england--- philadelphia-march-1780.php. Erişim Tarihi: 30 Haziran 2019.
Paine, T. (1789). To George Washington from Thomas Paine, 16 October 1789. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-04-02-0132. Erişim Tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2019.
Paine, T. (1792). Letter to the Abbe Raynal. http://thomaspaine.org/majorworks/ letter-to-the-abbe-raynal.html. Erişim Tarihi: 2 Temmuz 2019.
Paine, T. (1809). The Will of Thomas Paine, 18 January 1809. https://thomaspaine.org/essays/other/the-will-of-thomas-paine.html. Erişim Tarihi: 2 Temmuz 2019.
Paine, T. (1792). Address to the People of France, 25 September 1792. http://ota.ox.ac.uk/text/3707.html. Erişim Tarihi: 3 Temmuz 2019.
Paine, T. (1806). To John Inskeep, February 1806. http://thomaspaine.org/letters/other/to-john-inskeep-february-1806.html. Erişim Tarihi: 22 Temmuz 2019.
Paine, T. (1998a). Dissertation on First-Principles of Government (1795). T. Paine, Rights of Man, Common Sense and Other Political Writings. (Ed. M. Philp). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 385-408.
Paine, T. (1998b). Agrarian Justice (1797). T. Paine, Rights of Man, Common Sense and Other Political Writings. (Ed. M. Philip). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 409-433.
Paine, T. (2016). Sağduyu. (Çev. M. M. Kenanoğlu). İstanbul: Lotus Yayınevi.
Paine, T. (2018). İnsan Hakları. (Çev. M. O. Dostel). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Paine, T. (2019). Akıl Çağı. (Çev. A. İ. Dalgıç). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
Philp, M. (1998). Introduction. T. Paine, Rights of Man, Common Sense and Other Political Writings. (Ed. M. Philip). Oxford: Oxford University Press, vii-xxvii.
York, N. Y. (2016) (Ed.). The Crises: A British Defense of American Rights, 1775–1776. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.