D Vitamini Düzeyi COVID-19 Enfeksiyonu ile İlişkili midir?
Amaç: Antiviral ve immün modülatör etkisi olan D vitamininin, dünya çapındaki artan ölüm sayısıyla birlikte hızla yayılan COVID-19’u önlemedeki etkisi tartışılmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı 25-hidroksivitamin D düzeyinin COVID-19 riski ile ilişkili olup olmadığının belirlenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kesitsel tipteki çalışmaya 96 birey (48 COVID-19 pozitif ve 48 COVID-19 negatif) dahil edildi. Çalışmaya katılanların bireysel ve klinik özelliklerini, D vitamini durumlarını etkileyen beslenme alışkanlıklarını ve güneş maruziyetlerini değerlendiren anket formu ile veriler toplandı. 25-hidroksivitamin D düzeyi ölçümleri ve Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu test sonuçları değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılanların %86,5’inde D vitamini eksikliği olduğu bulundu. Çalışmada COVID-19 testi pozitif olan ve olmayan bireylerin 25-hidroksivitamin D düzeyi ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmadı (sırasıyla 11,50 ± 6,66 ng/ml, 12,95 ± 6,11 ng/ ml, p = 0,271). D vitamini durumu (ciddi eksiklik, eksiklik, yetersizlik) COVID -19 enfeksiyonu olan ve olmayanlar arasında benzer bulundu (p = 0,586). Hasta ve kontrol gruplarının yaşı, BFUI ve D vitamini düzeylerinin karşılanmasında iki ortalama arasındaki farkın önemlilik testi; kategorik değişkenlerin oran karşılaştırmaları için Ki-kare ve Fisher’in kesin testi kullanıldı. Sonuç: Bulgularımız 25- hidroksivitamin D düzeyi ve D vitamini durumu ile COVID-19 enfeksiyonu riski arasında potansiyel bağlantıyı desteklememektedir.
Is Vitamin D Level Associated with COVID-19 Infection?
Aim: The effects of vitamin D, which has an antiviral and immune modulator in preventing the rapidly spreading COVID-19, which has been resulting in increasing number of deaths worldwide, is discussed. The aim of the present study was to determine whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with COVID-19 risk. Material and Methods: Ninety-six individuals (48 COVID-19 positive and 48 COVID-19 negative) were included in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected with a questionnaire form evaluating the individual and clinical characteristics of the study participants, their eating habits affecting vitamin D status and their sun exposures. 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements and polymerase chain reaction test results were evaluated. Independent samples t test was used to compare the age, BFUI and vitamin D levels of the patient and control groups while Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were used for the ratio comparisons of categorical variables. Results: It was found that 86.5% of the study participants had vitamin D deficiency. There was no significant difference between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 and those who did not (11.50 ± 6.66 ng/ml and 12.95 ± 6.11 ng/ml, respectively, p = 0.271). Vitamin D status (severely deficient, deficient, insufficient) was similar in those with and without COVID-19 infection (p = 0.586). Conclusion: Our findings do not support the potential link between COVID-19 infection risk and 25-hydroxyvitamin D level or vitamin D status.
___
- 1. Ferrari D, Locatelli M, Briguglio M, Lombardi G. Is there a link between vitamin D status, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and COVID-19 severity? Cell Biochem Funct 2021;39(1):35-47.
- 2. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) https:// coronavirus.jhu.edu/ map.html. Accessed November 1, 2021.
- 3. Laird E, Rhodes J, Kenny RA. Vitamin D and Inflammation: Potential implications for severity of Covid-19. Ir Med J 2020;113(5):81.
- 4. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM; Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96(7):1911-1930.
- 5. Grant WB, Boucher BJ. Randomized controlled trials of vitamin D and cancer incidence: A modeling study. PLoS One 2017; 12(5): e0176448.
- 6. Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients 2020;12(4):988.
- 7. Watkins J. Preventing a covid-19 pandemic. BMJ 2020;368:m810.
- 8. Ilie PC, Stefanescu S, Smith L. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020;32(7):1195-1198.
- 9. Hastie CE, Mackay DF, Ho F, Celis-Morales CA, Katikireddi SV, Niedzwiedz CL, Jani BD, Welsh P, Mair FS, Gray SR, O’Donnell CA, Gill JM, Sattar N, Pell JP. Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020;14(4):561-565.
- 10. Atli T, Gullu S, Uysal AR, Erdogan G. The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and effects of ultraviolet light on Vitamin D levels in elderly Turkish population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2005;40(1):53-60.
- 11. http://temd.org.tr. Osteoporoz ve Metabolik Kemik Hastalıkları Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzu. METABOLIK_KH_BOOK_web_.pdf. [cited May 1, 2021] Available from: http://temd.org.tr.
- 12. Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014;144:138-145.
- 13. Chodick G, Nutman A, Yiekutiel N, Shalev V. Angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers are not associated with increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Travel Med 2020;27(5):taaa069.
- 14. Merzon E, Tworowski D, Gorohovski A, Vinker S, Golan Cohen A, Green I, Frenkel-Morgenstern M. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: An Israeli population-based study. FEBS J 2020;287(17):3693- 3702.
- 15. Mardani R, Alamdary A, Mousavi Nasab SD, Gholami R, Ahmadi N, Gholami A. Association of vitamin D with the modulation of the disease severity in COVID-19. Virus Res 2020;289:198148.
- 16. Okan F, Okan S, Zincir H. Effect of sunlight exposure on vitamin D status of individuals living in a nursing home and their own homes. J Clin Densitom 2020;23(1):21-28.
- 17. Livingstone KM, Celis-Morales C, Hoeller U, Lambrinou CP, Moschonis G, Macready AL, Fallaize R, Baur M, Roos FF, Bendik I, Grimaldi K, Navas-Carretero S, San-Cristobal R, Weber P, Drevon CA, Manios Y, Traczyk I, Gibney ER, Lovegrove JA, Saris WH, Daniel H, Gibney M, Martinez JA, Brennan L, Hill TR, Mathers JC; Food4Me Study. Weekday sunlight exposure, but not vitamin D intake, influences the association between vitamin D receptor genotype and circulating concentration 25-hydroxyvitamin D in a pan-European population: The Food4Me study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017;61(2).
- 18. D’Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, Cusato J, De Nicolò A, Lucchini R, Keller F, Cantù M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients 2020;12(5):1359.
- 19. Abdollahi A, Kamali Sarvestani H, Rafat Z, Ghaderkhani S, Mahmoudi-Aliabadi M, Jafarzadeh B, Mehrtash V. The association between the level of serum 25(OH) vitamin D, obesity, and underlying diseases with the risk of developing COVID-19 infection: A case-control study of hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran. J Med Virol 2021;93(4):2359-2364.
- 20. Luo X, Liao Q, Shen Y, Li H, Cheng L. Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with COVID-19 Incidence and Disease Severity in Chinese People. J Nutr 2021;151(3):742-743.
- 21. Bassatne A, Basbous M, Chakhtoura M, El Zein O, Rahme M, El-Hajj Fuleihan G. The link between COVID-19 and VItamin D (VIVID): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 2021;119:154753.
- 22. Demir M, Demir F, Aygun H. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with COVID-19 positivity and severity of the disease. J Med Virol 2021;93(5):2992-2999.
- 23. Bayraktar N, Turan H, Bayraktar M, Ozturk A, Erdoğdu H. Analysis of serum cytokine and protective vitamin D levels in severe cases of COVID-19. J Med Virol 2022;94(1):154-160.
- 24. Berry DJ, Hesketh K, Power C, Hyppönen E. Vitamin D status has a linear association with seasonal infections and lung function in British adults. Br J Nutr 2011;106(9):1433-1440.
- 25. Kaufman HW, Niles JK, Kroll MH, Bi C, Holick MF. SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. PLoS One 2020;15(9):e0239252.