Eko-verimlilik kavramı, gelişimi ve uygulanma süreci

Eko-verimlilik, daha az atık, kaynak ve enerji kullanımı ile ürün üretme ilkesidir. Bu özelliğe göre eko-verimlilik, sadece çevresel kaygılar için değil, aynı zamanda endüstriyel verimliliğin korunması, doğal kaynaklar ve ekonomik büyüme gibi birçok alan için de önemlidir. İşletmeler için süreç verimliliğinin arttırılması, doğal kaynak kullanımının azaltılması ve hammadde tüketiminin azaltılması, operasyonel verimliliği ve kârlılığı sağlayacaktır. Böylece, eko-verimli işletmeler, verimliliği arttırırken maliyetleri azaltacak ve daha rekabetçi hale gelecektir. Türkiye'de pek çok işletme, eko-verimli hale gelebilmek için danışmanlık hizmeti almaya ve Ar-Ge uygulamalarına ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Ancak, çevre odaklı bakış açısı dışındaki eko-verimlilik kavramının henüz net olarak tanımlanamamış ve anlaşılamamış olmasıyla beraber, ülkemizdeki yetersiz yenilik kapasitesi nedeniyle bu kavram yeterince uygulanamamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, eko-verimlilik kavramını açıklamak, uluslararası düzeyde kabul görmüş tanımlarından bahsetmek ve küresel gelişimini göstermektir. Ayrıca, ulusal ve işletme düzeyinde eko-verimliliğin uygulanma sürecine ilişkin temel adımları içeren akış diyagramları çalışma kapsamında sunulmaktadır.

The concept, development and implementation process of eco-efficiency

Eco-efficiency is a principle of producing goods by using less resources and energy while creating less waste. According to this characteristic, it is significant not only for environmental concerns, but also for many other fields such as protection of industrial efficiency, natural resources, and economic growth. For industries, increasing process efficiency and decreasing natural resources and raw material consumption will directly result in operational efficiency and profitability for a company. Thus, eco-efficient companies reduce costs by increasing productivity and become more competitive. In Turkey, many companies need to take consultancy service and apply R&D practices for engaging with eco-efficiency. However, eco-efficiency concept, except the environmental perspective, is not clearly defined and understood and thus cannot be sufficiently applied mainly due to inadequate innovation capacity in our country. The aim of this paper is to explain the concept of eco-efficiency, to give its internationally accepted definitions and to show its global development process. In addition, flow diagrams are presented within the scope of this study, including basic steps of eco-efficiency implementation at national and company level.

Keywords:

Eco-efficiency concept definitions of eco-efficiency, implementation steps of eco-efficiency,

PDF

___

Demirer, G.N., Kirlilik Önleme Yaklaşımlarının Temel Prensipleri, TMMOB Çevre ve Mühendis Dergisi, 25, 13-20, (2003).

Kabongo, J.D., ve Boiral, O., Doing more with less: building dynamic capabilities for eco efficiency, Business Strategy and the Environment, 26(7), 956-971, (2017).

Strasburg, V.J., ve Jahno, V D., Application of eco-efficiency in the assessment of raw materials consumed by university restaurants in Brazil: A case study, Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 178-187, (2017).

Frondel M., Horbach J. ve Rennings K., End-of-Pipe or Cleaner Production? An empirical comparison of environmental innovation decisions across OECD Countries, Centre for European Economic Research, Discussion Paper No. 04-82, (2004).

İzmir’de Eko-verimlilik stratejisi uygulamalarının yaygınlaştırılması’na yönelik strateji çalışması raporu, İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı (İZKA), 2, (2012).

Zhelyazkova, H., Eco-efficiency indicators: concept, types and applicability, Economy&Business Journal, 10, 322-331, (2016).

Carlson, R., Silent Spring, (1962) http://www.rachelcarson.org/SilentSpring.aspx (24.07.2018)

Meadows, D.H., The Limits to Growth, (1972) http://www.donellameadows.org/wp-content/userfiles/Limits-to-Growth-digital-scan-version.pdf (27.07.2018)

UNEP DTIE Cleaner Production, Industry and Environment, 25( 3-4), (2002).

Ochsner, M., Chess, C., Greenberg, M., Pollution prevention at the 3M corporation: Case study insights into organizational incentives, resources, and strategies, Waste Management, 15, 663-672, (1995).

Carl, H., Environmentalism in the 80’s, (1981). https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/31/nyregion/environmentalism-in-the-80-s.html (27.07.2018)

Bacher, J., The brundtland report: our common future, Peace Magazine, 11, (1987).

Schmidheiny S., Changing course: a global business perspective on development and the environment, Journal of Environmental Protection, 7(1), 1, (1992).

Srinivas, H., Sustainability concepts, (2015). https://www.gdrc.org/sustdev/concepts.html (24.07.2018)

History of eco-efficiency, TRUST IN-European Training Partnership on Sustainable Innovation, (2012).

The eco-innovation Project, UNIDO Eco-efficiency Programme, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), (2012). https://www.unep.org/ecoinnovationproject (24.07.2018)

Eco-efficiency Learning Module, World Business Council of Sustainable Development (WBCSD), 3, (2006).

Eco-efficiency, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 19, (1998).

Making sustainability accountable: Eco-efficiency, resource productivity and innovation, European Environment Agency (EEA), 11(6), (1999).

Environmental Management-Eco-efficiency assessment of product systems-Principles, requirements and guidelines, ISO 14045 International Standard, 1(3-4), (2012).

Luken, R.A. ve Navratil, J., A programmatic review of UNIDO/UNEP national cleaner production centres, Journal of Cleaner Production, 12(3), 195-205, (2004).

Measuring Eco-efficiency: A guide to reporting company performance, World Business Council of Sustainable Development (WBCSD), (2000).

Yedla, S. ve Park, H.S., Eco-industrial networking for sustainable development: review of issues and development strategies, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 19, 2, 391-402, (2017).

Kosonen, K. ve Nicodeme, G., The role of fiscal instruments in environmental policy, CESifo Working Paper Series No. 2719, (2009). https://ssrn.com/abstract=1437501 (12.10.2018)

Sakai, S.I., Yoshida, H., Hirai, Y., Asari, M., Takigami, H., Takahashi, S. ve Douvan, A.R., International comparative study of 3R and waste management policy developments, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 13(2), 86-102, (2011).

Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., ve Ulgiati, S., A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems, Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32, (2016).

Atalay, N., Türkiye’de temiz üretim (eko-verimlilik) alanında mevcut durum, T.C. Bilim, Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı Anahtar Dergisi, (2012).

Ferrer, J. B., Negny, S., Robles, G.C., ve Le Lann, J.M., Eco-innovative design method for process engineering, Computers & Chemical Engineering, 45, 137-151, (2012).

Gaudino, S., Goia, I., Grignani, C., Monaco, S., and Sacco, D., Assessing agro-environmental performance of dairy farms in northwest Italy based on aggregated results from indicators, Journal of Environmental Management, 140, 120-134, (2014).