Ruhusen Kutlu, Mehmet Ali Eryilmaz, Merve Erdogan, Fatma Goksin Cihan

Awareness of cervical cancer, human papilloma virus (HPV) and HPV vaccination among women in a cancer screening, early diagnosis and education center

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the awareness of women about cervical cancer and human papilloma virus (HPV) and to evaluate their HPV DNA test results. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 250 women who applied to Cancer Early Diagnosis Screening and Training Center (KETEM) at Konya Training and Research Hospital of Health Sciences University. A questionnaire prepared by the researchers was applied to determine the women's sociodemographic characteristics, cervical cancer and HPV knowledge levels. Results: The mean age of the women was 47.7 ± 7.5 years old. When the smear results of the women included in the study are examined, HPV was positive in 3.2% (n=8). Participants with higher education levels had significantly higher Pap smear test knowledge and performed more Pap smear tests than those who had lower education levels (p

PDF

___

1. WHO 2014. World Health Organization. Comprehensive Cervical Cancer Control: A Guide to Essential Practice. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/ publications/cancers/cervical-cancer-guide/en/
2. Turkey Cancer Control Program. “Turkish Ministry of Health Cancer Department 2010" http://kanser. gov.tr/Dosya/NCCP_2013-2018.pdf Access date: 04.01.2017.
3. Kitchener H. Optimising future cervical screening strategies. Papillomavirus Res 2019;7:201-3.
4. Turazza E, Lapena A, Sprovieri O, et al. Low risk human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 associated with carcinomas of the 71 genital and upper aero- digestive tract. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997;76:271-6.
5. Lazzari CM, Krug LP, Quadros OF, et al. Human papillomavirus frequency in oral epithelial lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 2004;33:260-5.
6. Gómez DT, Santos JL. Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology A. Ed. Méndez-Vilas. Formatex; 2007:680-8.
7. Uyar D, Rader J. Genomics of cervical cancer and the role of Human Papillomavirus pathobiology. Clin Chem 2014; 60:1-3.
8. Parkin DM, Bray F. Chapter 2: The burden of HPVrelated cancers. Vaccine 2006;24:11-25.
9. Dunder I, Kahraman K. Cost Issue in Cervical Cancer and Expected Outcomes of the HPV Vaccines. Turkish Clinics J Gynecol Obst-Special Topics 2009;2:69-77.
10. Clifford GM, Smith JS, Plummer M, et al. Human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancer worldwide: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2003;88:63- 73.
11. Dursun P, Senger SS, Arslan H, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and types among Turkish women at a gynecology outpatient unit. BMC Infect Dis 2009;9:191.
12. Kline TS. The Papanicolaou smear: a brief historical perspective and where we are today. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997;121:205-9.
13. Gakidou E, Nordhagen S, Obermeyer Z. Coverage of cervical cancer screening in 57 countries: low average levels and large inequalities. PLoS Med 2008;5:e132.
14. Cancer Screening Brief Report 2014. http://kanser. gov.tr/kanser/kanser-taramalari/1444-kansertaramalar%C4%B1-k%C4%B1sa-rapor-2014.html Access date: 28.07.2017
15. Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)-2016 http:// www.halksagligi.hacettepe.edu.tr/duyurular/ halkayonelik/kyta2016.pd. Access date: 28.07.2019
16. Bruni L, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, et al. Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence in 5 continents: metaanalysis of 1 million women with normal cytological findings. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1789-99.
17. Karakus R, Alkis I, Kolusari A. Prevalence, Typology and Smear Cytology Results For Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) In Women Of The City Of Van. The Turkish Journal of Gynecologic Oncology 2015;3:99-103.
18. Gorkem U, Arslan E, Togrul C, et al. Which People Should Be Targeted In Terms of Awareness About The Human Papilloma Virus Infection?; A Survey. The Turkish J Gynecologic Oncology 2015;3:93-8.
19. Aydin DS, Ekmez M, Goksedef BP, et al. Awareness and Screening Frequency of Pap Smear Test in Outpatients. The Turkish J Gynecologic Oncology 2015;4:127-30.
20. Gamarra CJ, Paz EPA, Griep RH. Knowledge, attitudes and practice related to Papanicolaou smear test among Argentina's women. Rev Saude Publica 2005;39:270-6.
21. Kurtipek GS, Cihan FG, Ataseven A, et al. The Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviours of Women above 18 Years Old about Genital Warts, Cervical Cancer and Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination. Turk J Dermatol 2016;10:105-9.
22. Khudairi HA, Abu-Zaid A, Alomar O, et al. Public Awareness and Knowledge of Pap Smear as a Screening Test for Cervical Cancer among Saudi Population in Riyadh City. Cureus 2017;9:e.984.
23. Onder O, Dicle M, Gulmez H, et al. Knowledge about Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and HPV Vaccine at Reproductive Age in Primary Care. Cukurova Med J 2015;40:517-24.
24. Saqer A, Ghazal Sh, Barqawi H, et al. Knowledge and Awareness about Cervical Cancer Vaccine (HPV) Among Parents in Sharjah. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017;18:1237-41.
25. Pinar G, Topuz S, An S, et al. Knowledge Levels About HPV Vaccine And Cervical Cancer of Women Applied to Başkent University Ankara Hospital Gynecology and Obstetrics Polyclinic. The Turkish J Gynecologic Oncology 2010;1:11-8.
26. Mukama T, Ndejjo R, Musabyimana A, et al. Women's knowledge and attitudes towards cervical cancer prevention: a cross sectional study in Eastern Uganda. BMC Womens Health 2017;17:9.
27. Pinar G, Algıer L, Colak M, et al . Determination of Nurses' Knowledge Levels about Cervical Cancer and HPV Vaccine. The Turkish J Gynecologic Oncology 2007:10:94-8.
28. Bekar M, Guler G, Doganer G, et al. Determining the Knowledge Level of Academicians on Cervical Cancer. The Turkish Journal of Gynecologic Oncology 2011:14: 102-9.
29. Kadian L, Gulshan G, Sharma S, et al. A Study on Knowledge and Awareness of Cervical Cancer Among Females of Rural and Urban Areas of Haryana, North India. J Canc Educ 2020.
30. Bilir N, Ozcebe H, Erguder , et al. Tobacco Control in Turkey: Story of commitment and leadership. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0009/163854/e96532.pdf?ua=1 Access date: 16 November 2020
31. Lee KN, Chang KHJ, Cho SS, et al. Attitudes Regarding HPV Vaccinations of Children among Mothers with Adolescent Daughters in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2017;32:130- 4.
32. Ezenwa BN, Balogun MR, Okafor IP. Mothers’ human papilloma virus knowledge and willingness to vaccinate their adolescent daughters in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Womens Health 2013;5:371-7.
33. Wigfall LT, Bynum SA, Brandt HM, et al. HPV Vaccine Awareness and Knowledge Among Women Living with HIV. J Cancer Educ 2016;31:187-90.
34. Mbamara SU, Ikpeze OC, Okonkwo JE, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer screening among women attending gynecology clinics in a tertiary level medical care center in southeastern Nigeria. J Reprod Med 2011;56:491-6.
35. Ozan H, Demir BC, Atik Y, et al. Determination of Knowledge Level of Patients Regarding HPV and HPV Vaccine in Outpatient Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department. Journal of Uludağ University Medical Faculty 2011;37:145-8.