Mekansal Ekonometri ve Sosyal Bilimlerde Kullanım Alanları

Sosyal bilimler literatüründe, “sosyal normların”, “komşuluk etkilerinin” veya “referans gruplarının” bireylerin karar verme süreci üzerindeki etkisi uzun zamandır tartışılmaktadır. Ne var ki, geleneksel yöntemlerdeki gözlemlerin birbirinden bağımsız olduğu varsayımı, söz konusu etkiyi yansıtamamakta ve çalışmalarda hataların olmasına yol açmaktadır. Mekânsal ekonometriyi, gözlemler arasındaki komşuluk ilişkilerini ve bu ilişkilerin neden olduğu sorunları dikkate alan yöntemler bütünü olarak tanımlamak mümkündür. Burada, dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalardan biri, mekânın, bir başka deyişle gözlemler arasındaki uzaklığın nasıl belirlendiğidir. Mekân, bölgesel çalışmalarda ele alındığı şekliyle coğrafik olarak tanımlanabilirken, ekonomik uzaklık ya da kişisel uzaklık gibi soyut kavramlarla da ifade edilebilir. Bu nedenle, çalışmanın gerekliliklerine uygun bir “mekân” tanımının yapılması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma, öncelikle her biri farklı anlamlara gelen mekânsal regresyon çeşitlerini sınıflandırmakta ve bu yönüyle, söz konusu yöntemler arasında seçim yapmak isteyen araştırmacılara yol göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın bir diğer katkısı ise farklı uzaklık tanımlarına göre çalışmaları incelemesi ve literatürden örnekler sunmasıdır. Bu örnekler, uzaklığın coğrafi olarak tanımlanıp tanımlanmamasına göre iki grupta ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Konum, Mekânsal Regresyon, Coğrafi Uzaklık, Ekonomik Uzaklık, Komşuluk Etkisi

Spatial Econometrics and Its Usage in Social Sciences

Social science literature has long discussed the importance of so-called “social norms”, “neighborhood effects” or “peer influences” on the decision making process of individuals. However,traditional econometric techniques usually rely on the assumption that observetations are independent from each other, and therefore cannot reflect these effects, and often leads to incorrect inferences. Spatial econometrics can be considered as the modeling techniques that account for the peculiarities caused by the space component. Here, one of the most critical points of spatial models is the definition of the neighborhood, in other words, the location of observations. The proximity among locations can be defined based on the geography as in the regional studies or economic distances. Even abstract concepts of proximity, such as the inter-personal distance, can be used in such techniques. Hence, the distance definition that is appropriate to the notion of the study plays an important role. This study attempts to classify the spatial regressions, in which each one of which has a different interpretation, and tries to guide the researches while selecting the correct modeling technique. Another major point of this study is that it presents examples of studies in the field according to their distance definitions.

Keywords:

Location, Spatial Regression, Geographical Distance, Economical Distance, Neighborhood Effect,

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