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HANNAH ARENDT’İN ANAYURT KAVRAMI VE ONUN DEMOKRATİK HUKUK DEVLETİNDEKİ UZLAŞRICILIĞI

Hannah Arendt, antik Yunan şehir devletlerinden hareketle toplumların genel olarak çokluğu durumdan yola çıkmaktadır. Ona göre eski Yunan şehir-devletlerinin (polis) özgür ve eşit vatandaşları, ölümsüzlüğü yani kamusal saygınlığı ortak olana hizmete erişmekte aradılar. Fakat Yeni Çağ’a geçişle bu amaç ve anlam dünyası aydınlanma düşüncesi ışığında revize edilmiş, ona -en iyi haliyle- burjuva etik ve eylem anlayışı etrafında evrensel hukuk formu verilmiştir. Böylece insanın sadece hukuk yasaların muhatabı olmanın ilerisinde tüm değerlendirmelerin de merkezine yerleştirilmesi sağlanmıştır. Buna paralel olarak, Avrupa devletler topluluğunun anayasaları ideal olarak toplumsal sözleşme teorisyenlerinden esinlenerek ya vatandaşlık hakları ya da a priori insan hakları anlayışı üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Ulus devlet; bu rasyonelleşme, aydınlanma ve hukukileşme süreçlerinin bütünleşme organı ve organizasyonudur. Bununla birlikte Arendt İkinci Dünya Savaşı dönemindeki deneyimlere, o dönemde yaşanan zulümlere, toplama kamplarındaki gözaltılara, devletsiz ve vatansız toplulukların varlığına dayanarak aydınlanma, toplumsal sözleşme, vatandaşlık ve evrensel insan hakları fikirleri etrafında örgütlenmiş uygar toplumlarda da insanların kimliklerinden dolayı tüm haklarını kaybettiğini ve böyle bir ortamın tekrar oluşabileceğini tespit etmiştir. Bu bağlamda iki soru önemli: Bunu mümkün kılan ortam neydi ve bunun tekrarı nasıl önlenebilir? Arendt’in önerdiği çözüm önerisi anayurttur, yani haklar hakkı olarak anayurt. Bu çalışma, demokratik hukuk devletini anlayışının anayurdu kapsadığını ve onu normatif düzlemde de bir adım daha ileriye götürdüğünü tartışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Hannah Arendt, anayurt, insan hakları, çeşitlilik, toplumsal sözleşme, ulus devlet, söylem topluluğu, demokratik hukuk devleti

HANNAH ARENDT’S CONCEPT OF HOME AND ITS MEDIATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTIONAL STATE

According to Hannah Arendt, the free and equal citizens of the ancient Greek polis strove for immortality, for glory in the public sphere through their fundamental plurality in the service of the common. With the onset of the modern era, this world of goals and meanings was rationalised and, in the best case, given universal legal form based on civic ethics and the comprehension of action. Thus, based on the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers, the human being was not only made the addressee of law, but was also upgraded to the centre of all judgments. Parallel to this, according to the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers and contract theorists, the constitutions of European communities of states were ideally based either a priori on civil rights or on human rights. The nation state is the organ and organisation of the integration of this rationalisation, enlightenment and juridification. At the same time, on the basis of the persecutions experienced during the Second World War, internment in the concentration camps, statelessness, Arendt asserts that within the civilised societies constituted on ideas of the Enlightenment, the social contract, civil and human rights, there is apparently a state in which all rights are lost. Two questions are posed; what circumstance has made this possible and how can it be prevented? In the contribution, Arendt’s proposed solution, home as the right to rights, is mediated with institutions of the democratic constitutional state.

Keywords:

Hannah Arendt, Homeland, Human Rights, Diversity, Contractualism, Nation-State, Discourse Community, Democratic Rule of Law,

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