Comparison of 25-OH vitamin D levels between children with upper and those with lower extremity fractures: A prospective case-control study
Comparison of 25-OH vitamin D levels between children with upper and those with lower extremity fractures: A prospective case-control study
Objective: The aims of this study were (1) to compare 25-OH vitamin D levels between children with upper and those with lower extrem- ity fractures and (2) to determine whether 25-OH D insufficiency prevalence is increased compared to healthy controls. Methods: This is a prospective case–control study for 12 months. The study was conducted with children aged 5-18 years, including 60 children with non-displaced, impaction type upper extremity and lower extremity fractures resulted from low-energy trauma. In addi- tion, 60 healthy children were included as controls. In all participants, risk factors for low bone mineral density were assessed and serum 25(OH)D levels were measured. Vitamin D levels were compared among groups. Results: Vitamin D deficiency (25-OH D
___
- 1. Jones IE, Williams SM, Dow N, Goulding A. How many children remain frac- ture-free during growth? A longitudinal study of children and adolescents participating in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(12):990-995. [CrossRef]
- 2. Goulding A, Jones IE, Williams SM, et al. First fracture is associated with increased risk of new fractures during growth. J Pediatr. 2005;146(2):286-288. [CrossRef]
- 3. Contreras JJ, Hiestand B, O'Neill JC, Schwartz R, Nadkarni M. Vitamin D defi- ciency in children with fractures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014;30(11):777-781. [CrossRef]
- 4. Christakos S, Hewison M, Gardner DG, et al. Vitamin D: beyond bone. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1287:45-58. [CrossRef]
- 5. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clini- cians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):53-58. [CrossRef]
- 6. Rizzoli R, Bianchi ML, Garabédian M, McKay HA, Moreno LA. Maximizing bone mineral mass gain during growth for the prevention of fractures in the adolescents and the elderly. Bone. 2010;46(2):294-305. [CrossRef]
- 7. Clarke NM, Page JE. Vitamin D deficiency: a paediatric orthopaedic perspec- tive. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012;24(1):46-49. [CrossRef]
- 8. Garrido C, Cela E, Beléndez C, Mata C, Huerta J. Status of vitamin D in children with sickle cell disease living in Madrid, Spain. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171(12):1793- 1798. [CrossRef]
- 9. Laakso S, Valta H, Verkasalo M, Toiviainen-Salo S, Viljakainen H, Mäkitie O. Impaired bone health in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study in 80 pediatric patients. Calcif Tissue Int. 2012;91(2):121-130. [CrossRef]
- 10. Liu T, Wang E, Li Q, Li L. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in Chinese children with upper limb fractures. Genes Dis. 2020;7(3):408-413. [CrossRef]
- 11. Oyen J, Apalset EM, Gjesdal CG, Brudvik C, Lie SA, Hove LM. Vitamin D inadequacy is associated with low-energy distal radius fractures: a case-control study. Bone. 2011;48(5):1140-1145. [CrossRef]
- 12. Jang WY, Chung MS, Baek GH, Song CH, Cho HE, Gong HS. Vitamin D levels in post-menopausal Korean women with a distal radius fracture. Injury. 2012;43(2):237-241. [CrossRef]
- 13. Paterson CR. Vitamin D deficiency and fractures in childhood. Pediatrics. 2011;127(5):973-974. [CrossRef]
- 14. Botash AS, Sills IN, Welch TR. Calciferol deficiency mimicking abusive frac- tures in infants: is there any evidence? J Pediatr. 2012;160(2):199-203. [CrossRef]
- 15. Schilling S, Wood JN, Levine MA, Langdon D, Christian CW. Vitamin D status in abused and nonabused children younger than 2 years old with fractures. Pediatrics. 2011;127(5):835-841. [CrossRef]
- 16. Thompson RM, Dean DM, Goldberg S, Kwasny MJ, Langman CB, Janicki JA. Vitamin D insufficiency and fracture risk in urban children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2017;37(6):368-373. [CrossRef]
- 17. Al-Daghri NM, Aljohani N, Rahman S, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status among Saudi children with and without a history of fracture. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39(10):1125-1130. [CrossRef]
- 18. James JR, Massey PA, Hollister AM, Greber EM. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among children with upper extremity fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2013;33(2):159-162. [CrossRef]
- 19. Anderson LN, Heong SW, Chen Y, et al. Vitamin D and fracture risk in early childhood: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;185(12):1255-1262. [CrossRef]
- 20. Gorter EA, Oostdijk W, Felius A, Krijnen P, Schipper IB. Vitamin D deficiency in pediatric fracture patients: prevalence, risk factors, and vitamin D supplementation. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2016;8(4):445-451. [CrossRef]
- 21. Hosseinzadeh P, Mohseni M, Minaie A, Kiebzak GM. Vitamin D status in chil- dren with forearm fractures: incidence and risk factors. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2020;4:e20.00150-5.
- 22. Pawley N, Bishop NJ. Prenatal and infant predictors of bone health: the influence of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(suppl 6):1748S-1751S. [CrossRef]
- 23. Clark EM, Tobias JH, Ness AR. Association between bone density and fractures in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2):e29 1-e297. [CrossRef]
- 24. Torun E, Genç H, Gönüllü E, Akovalı B, Ozgen IT. The clinical and biochemical presentation of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in children and adoles- cents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2013;26(5-6):469-475. [CrossRef]
- 25. Moore CE, Murphy MM, Holick MF. Vitamin D intakes by children and adults in the United States differ among ethnic groups. J Nutr. 2005;135(10):2478- 2485. [CrossRef]
- 26. Freedman BA, Potter BK, Nesti LJ, Cho T, Kuklo TR. Missed opportunities in patients with osteoporosis and distal radius fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;454:202-206. [CrossRef]
- 27. Andreacchio A, Alberghina F, Marengo L, Canavese F. Pediatric tibia and femur fractures in patients weighing more than 50 kg (110 lb): mini-review on current treatment options and outcome. Musculoskelet Surg. 2019;103(1):23-30. [CrossRef]
- 28. Perez-Rossello JM, Feldman HA, Kleinman PK, et al. Rachitic changes, demin- eralization, and fracture risk in healthy infants and toddlers with vitamin D deficiency. Radiology. 2012;262(1):234-241. [CrossRef]
- 29. Ryan LM, Teach SJ, Singer SA, et al. Bone mineral density and vitamin D status among African American children with forearm fractures. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):e553-e560. [CrossRef]
- 30. Ceroni D, de la Llana RA, Martin X, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in Swiss teenagers with appendicular fractures: a prospective study of 100 cases. J Child Orthop. 2012;6(6):497-503. [CrossRef]
- 31. Minkowitz B, Cerame B, Poletick E, et al. Low vitamin D levels are associated with need for surgical correction of pediatric fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2017;37(1):23-29. [CrossRef]
- 32. Roh YE, Kim BR, Choi WB, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in children aged 6 to 12 years: single center’s experience in Busan. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016;21(3):149-154. [CrossRef]
- 33. Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Agarwal N, et al. Impact of two regimens of vitamin D supplementation on calcium - vitamin D - PTH axis of schoolgirls of Delhi. Indian Pediatr. 2010;47(9):761-769. [CrossRef