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Siyaset Perspektifinden Toplumsal Hareketleri Anlamak: İspanya’da 15M Hareketi Örneği

Günümüzde toplumsal hareketler dünyanın birçok bölgesinde etkisini göstermektedir. Fakat, bu hareketleri anlamak için ekonomik nedenler analiz edilirken, siyasi faktörler yeteri kadar incelenmemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı İspanya’daki 15M Hareketini inceleyerek, toplumsal hareketlerin ortaya çıkış nedenlerini parti sistemini inceleyerek siyasi açıdan analiz etmektedir. Temel argümanı kitlesel protestonun ortaya çıkmasındaki önemli faktörlerden birinin temsiliyet krizi olduğudur. Temsiliyet krizi bir taraftan seçmen-siyasi parti arasındaki uyuşmazlıktan, diğer taraftan ise partilerin yanıt verme ve sorumlu olma gibi parti hükümet modelinin gerekliliği olan iki fonksiyonu dengeleyememesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Literatürde yoğunlukla tartışıldığı gibi parti hükümet modelini meşru kılan iktidardaki partilerin bir yandan kendi seçmenin taleplerine cevap verirken (yanıt verme) bir yandan da toplumun ortak çıkarını korumalarıdır (sorumlu olma). Bu iki işlev arasındaki dengenin bozulması parti hükümet modeli için bir krizi işaret etmektedir. Makalenin temel argümanı bu çerçevede İspanya’da siyasetin bir temsiliyet krizi içinde olduğu bu temsiliyet krizinin de hem ana akım partilerin seçmenle bağının kopmasından hem de iktidar partilerin yanıt verme ve sorumlu olma işlevlerini dengeleyemediklerinden kaynaklandığıdır. Bu çalışma İspanya’daki kitlesel muhalefeti analiz ederken bugüne kadar ihmal edilen parti siyaseti perspektifi sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Toplumsal hareketler, siyasi partiler, İspanya, parti hükümeti

A Political Reconsideration of Social Movements: The Case 15M Movement in Spain

The contemporary wave of protests and occupy-style mobilisations has been very influential in different parts of the world. Yet, though the economic accounts are available, not many studies have looked at the political factors behind the social movements. Analysing the case of 15M Movement in Spain, this paper aims to explain the emergence of protest movements from a political perspective by providing a party politics account. It contends that one of the central factors behind mass protests, if not the only one, has been the crisis of representation resulting not only from the lack of voter-party congruence, but also from the failure of political parties to meet the demands of responsiveness and responsibility – the core requisite of the party government model. After all what legitimizes the party government model has been governing party’s ability to balance the demands of responsiveness and responsibility at the same time. As such, in accounting for the question of what factors brought about popular disaffection in Spain, it provides a rather neglected party politics perspective.

Keywords:

Social movement, political parties, Spain, party government,

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