Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and fluzifob-p-butyl herbicides
Human populations are exposed to several toxic substances in the environment, including pesticides. Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (FPE) and fluzifob-p-butyl (FPB) herbicides are extensively used in agricultural fields due to their high target selectivity and low non-target toxicity. They are known as aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor. In the study, we aimed to evaluate the toxic potentials of FPE and FPB herbicides. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay in the range of 15.6-500.0 μM exposure concentrations in mouse fibroblast (BALB/3T3) cell line. Also, we investigated their DNA damage potentials on BALB/3T3 cells by using alkaline Comet assay. The results indicated that FPE and FPB showed no evidence of DNA damage. And, the cell viability was more than 20% at 12.5-400 μM exposure concentrations. FPE and FPB might be safe according to our results and the previously studies, and there would be public health benefits from encouraging its use in the place of more toxic herbicide products.
___
- Abd-Alrahman SH, Elhalwagy ME, Kotb GA, Farid H, Farag
AA, Draz HM, Isa AM, Sabico S (2014). Exposure to difenoconazole,
diclofop-methyl alone and combination alters
oxidative stress and biochemical parameters in albino
rats. Int J Clin Exp Med 7 (10): 3637.
• Abudayyak M, Altıncekic T, Özhan G (2017). In vitro toxicological
assessment of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles in several
mammalian cell types. Biol Trace Element Res 175 (2):
458-465. [CrossRef ]
• Asshauer J, Dorn E, Fischer R, Kurzmeier E (1990). Behaviour
of fenoxaprop-ethyl in the environment-degradation
and effect in the ecosystem. Z Pflanzenkr Pflanzenschutz
12: 417-425.
• Bakkali Y, Ruiz-Santaella J P, Osuna M D, Wagner J, Fischer
A J, De Prado R (2007). Late watergrass (Echinochloa
phyllopogon): mechanisms involved in the resistance to
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. J Agric Food Chem 55 (10): 4052-4058.
[CrossRef ]
• Betancourt M, Reséndiz A (2006). Effect of two insecticides
and two herbicides on the porcine sperm motility
patterns using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA)
in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 22 (3): 508-512. [CrossRef ]
• Bieringer H, Horlein G, Langeluddeke P, Handte R (1982).
HOE 33171: A new selective herbicide for the control of
annual and perennial warm climate grass weeds in broadleaf
crops, In. Proc Brighton Crop Prot Conf-Weeds 1: 11-17.
• Casas E, Bonilla E, Ducolomb Y, Betancourt M (2010). Differential
effects of herbicides atrazine and fenoxapropethyl,
and insecticides diazinon and malathion, on viability
and maturation of porcine oocytes in vitro. Toxicol in
Vitro 24 (1): 224-230. [CrossRef ]
• Dorn E, Schmidt E, Rutz U, Kellner HM, Leist KH (1985). Metabolism
in male and female rats after single and repeated
oral administration, respectively of a low and a high dose.
Hoechst-Roussel Agri-Vet Company, DPR, Pesticide Registration
Library Doc. No. 51910-519031.
• Extoxnet (1996). Fluazifop-p-butyl. Pesticide information
profiles. Extension Toxicology Network. http://ace.orst.
edu/info/extoxnet/
• Hay A (1981). Herbicide safety: Bill of health. Nature 289:
4-5. [CrossRef ]
• Hongming L, Xu L, Zhaojian G, Fan Y, Dingbin C, Jianchun
Z, Jianhong X, Shunpeng L, Qing H (2015). Isolation of an
aryloxyphenoxy propanoate (AOPP) herbicide-degrading
strain Rhodococcus ruber JPL-2 and the cloning of a novel
carboxylesterase gene (feh). Braz J Microbiol 46 (2): 425-
432. [CrossRef ]
• Horbowicz M, Sempruch C, Kosson R, Koczkodaj D, Walas
D (2013). Effect of fluazifop-p-butyl treatment on
pigments and polyamines level within tissues of nontarget
maize plants. Pestic Biochem Physiol 107 (1): 78-
85. [CrossRef ]
• Karadeniz A, Kaya B, Savaş B, Topcuoğlu F (2015). Effects of
two herbicides, fluazyfop-p-butyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl,
on genotoxicity in drosophila smart assay and on proliferation
and viability of hek293 cells from the perspective
of carcinogenesis. Fresen Environ Bull 24 (6): 2052-2054.
• Kostka G, Palut D, Ludwicki JK, Kopeć-Szlęzak J, Wiadrowska
B, Lembowicz K (2002). Hepatocellular peroxisome
proliferation and DNA synthesis in Wistar rats treated with
herbicide fluazifop. Toxicol 178 (3): 221-228. [CrossRef ]
• Lin J, Chen J, Cai X, Qiao X, Huang L, Wang D, Wang Z (2007).
Evolution of toxicity upon hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl.
J Agric Food Chem 55 (18): 7626-7629. [CrossRef ]
• Morrison HI, Wilkins K, Semenciw R, Mao Y, Wigle D (1992).
Herbicides and cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 84: 1866-1874.
[CrossRef ]
• Olszyk D, Blakeley‐Smith M, Pfleeger T, Lee E H, Plocher M
(2013). Effects of low levels of herbicides on prairie species
of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Environ Toxicol Chem 32
(11): 2542-2551. [CrossRef ]
• Ore A, Olayinka ET (2016). Fluazifop-p-butyl, an aryloxyphenoxypropionate
herbicide, diminishes renal and hepatic
functions and triggers testicular oxidative stress in
orally exposed rats. Toxicol Ind. Health 0748233716657763.
• Peterson DE, Regehr DL, Thompson CR, Al-Khatib K,
(2011). Herbicide Mode of Action. Kansas State University,
Kansas, USA, 9-15.
• Saunders DS, Harper C (1994). Pesticides. In: Hayes AW
(ed.), Principles and Methods of Toxicology, 3rd ed. Raven
Press, New York, pp. 389-415.
• Shimabukuro R H, Hoffer B L (1995). Enantiomers of diclofop-
methyl and their role in herbicide mechanism of action.
Pestic Biochem Physiol 51 (1): 68-82. [CrossRef ]
• Speit G, Hartmann A (1999). The comet assay (Single-Cell
Gel Test) a sensitive genotoxicity test for the detection of
DNA damage and repair. DNA Repair Protocols: Eukaryotic
Systems, 203-212. [CrossRef ]
• Tehranchian P, Norsworthy J.K, Korres NE, McElroy S, Chen
S, Scott, RC (2016). Resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate
herbicides in Amazon sprangletop: Confirmation,
control, and molecular basis of resistance. Pestic Biochem
Physiol 133: 79-84. [CrossRef ]
• Tong L (2005). Acetyl-coenzyme a carboxylase: crucial
metabolic enzyme and attractive target for drug discovery.
Cell Mol Biol 62 (16): 1784-1803. [CrossRef ]
• Tu M, Hurd C, Randall JM (2001). Weed control methods
handbook: tools & techniques for use in natural areas. The
Nature Conservancy, Report.
• Van Meerloo J, Kaspers GJ, Cloos J (2011). Cell sensitivity
assays: the MTT assay. Cancer cell culture: methods and protocols,
237-245. [CrossRef ]
• Walia U, Brar L, Dhaliwal B (1998). Performance of clodinafop
and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl for the control of phalaris
minor in wheat. Ind J Weed Sci 30: 48-50.
• Yasin M, Iqbal Z, Safdar ME, Rehman A, Ali A, Asif M, Aziz
M, Tanveer A, Pervez MA (2011). Phalaris minor control, resistance
development and strategies for integrated management
of resistance to fenoxaprop-ethyl. Afr J Biotechnol
10 (56): 11802-11807.
• Zawahir S, Roberts DM, Palangasinghe C, Mohamed F,
Eddleston M, Dawson AH, Buckley NA, Ren L, Medley GA,
Gawarammana I (2009). Acute intentional self-poisoning
with a herbicide product containing fenoxaprop-P-ethyl,
ethoxysulfuron, and isoxadifen ethyl: a prospective observational
study. Clin Toxicol 47 (8): 792-797. [CrossRef ]