Ali Naci ÇELİK

Dünya, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’nin Enerji Arz, Kurulu Güç ve Yenilenebilir Kapasitelerinin Analizi

Bu çalışmada yenilenebilir enerjiye özel bir önem verilmek kaydıyla dünya, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’nin enerji yapısının bir değerlendirilmesi yapılmaktadır. Tarihsel olarak, 1800 yıllarında küresel birincil enerji arzı 486 Mtoe büyüklündeydi. Bunun 478 Mtoe’sini biyokütle, geri kalanını ise kömür oluşturmaktaydı. 1900 yılları itibarı ile küresel birincil enerji arzı 1100 Mtoe'ye yükseldi ve biyokütle ve kömür bu toplam miktara neredeyse eşit katkıda bulunmaktaydı. Fosil yakıtların hala en büyük oranı teşkil ettiği günümüzde, mevcut birincil enerji arzı 1800'lerden bu yana yaklaşık 30 kat artmıştır. Özellikle 1950'lerde hız kazanan artış ile küresel birincil enerji arzı 2018 yılı itibariyle 13865 Mtoe'ye ulaşmıştır. Bugün dünyada halen kullanılan enerjinin %80'den fazlası fosil bazlı yenilenemeyen konvansiyonel enerji kaynaklarından sağlanmakta olup, temel enerji kaynakları sırasıyla %32 petrol, %27 kömür ve %22 doğalgaz olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Yenilenebilir enerji, dönemin bir dizi siyasi ve ekonomik nedenlerinden kaynaklanan 1973 petrol krizini izleyen yıllarda küresel enerji üretimine katkı sağlama potansiyeli olan bir kaynak olarak görülmeye başlanmıştır. Krizi izleyen yıllardan bugüne yenilenebilir enerji dönüşüm teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler ve küresel iklim değişimi kaygıları sonucunda dünyada yenilenebilir enerjinin payı yıllar içinde istikrarlı bir şekilde artmıştır. Bu artışın nedeni, yenilenebilir enerji teknolojilerinin gelişmesine paralel olarak, ülkelerin enerji politikalarını yeniden değerlendirmeleri olarak görülebilir. Hidrolik enerji hariç, yenilenebilir enerji kurulu gücü bir önceki yıla göre % 8'lik bir artış ile 2018 yılı itibarıyla tüm dünyada 1.180 GW'a ulaşmıştır. Yenilenebilir kaynaklar arasında rüzgar, toplam kurulu yenilenebilir kapasitenin % 47,8'ine karşılık gelen 563,7 GW ile en büyük paya sahiptir. 480,4 GW kurulu güç ile rüzgarı takip eden PV, dünya çapında toplam yenilenebilir enerji kurulu gücünün % 40,7'sini oluşturmaktadır. Toplam kurulu biyoenerji kapasitesi (biyokütle, biyoyakıtlar ve biyogaz) 103,1 GW ile toplamda % 8,7 lik bir oranı teşkil etmektedir. Küresel hidroelektrik kurulu gücü 2018 yılı itibarıyla 1.127 GW’a ulaşmıştır. rüzgar, Güneş, jeotermal, gelgit, dalga ve okyanus Dünyada 2018 yılında gibi yenilenebilir kaynaklarla toplam 1.668,1 TWh elektrik üretimi gerçekleşmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Global enerji arzı, Kurulu güç kapasitesi, Yenilenebilir kapasite, Rüzgar enerjisi, Güneş enerjisi, Dünya, Avrupa Birliği, Türkiye

Analysis of Energy Supply, Installed Power and Renewable Capacity in the World, the EU and Turkey

In the present study, a review of energy structure of the world, the European Union and Turkey are carried out, by giving a specific emphasis to the development of renewable energy. The global primary energy use reached 13865 Mtoe as of 2018. Today, more than 80% of the energy currently used in the world is still provided from fossil based non-renewable energy resources, the main energy resources being oil, coal and natural gas, with the shares 32%, 27% and 22%, respectively. In the years after 1973 oil crisis, renewable energy emerged as a potential source for contributing to the global energy production. The installed capacity of renewable energy (excluding hydro) reached 1180 GW globally as of 2018 that corresponds to an increase of 8% compared to the previous year. Amongst the renewable resources, wind holds the largest share with 563.7 GW, corresponding to 47.8% of the installed renewable capacity. Wind is closely followed by solar PV with 480.4 GW, constituting 40.7% of the total installed power of renewable energy. The total installed capacity of bioenergy (biomass, biofuels, and biogas) is 103.1 GW, corresponding to 8.7%. The global capacity of hydroelectric power was realized as 1127 GW as of 2018. Total of 1668.1 TWh electricity was generated in the world in 2018 by the renewable resources including wind, solar, geothermal, tide, wave and ocean.

Keywords:

Global Energy Supply, Installed power capacity, Renewable capacity,

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