Farklı Temel Toprak İşleme Yöntemlerinin Ayçiçeği Tohumlarının Toprak Katmanındaki Dikey Dağılımına ve Bitki Gelişimine Etkisi

Araştırma, 2014-2016 tarihleri arasında General Toşevo kentine bağlı arazide, türünün tipik özelliklerine sahip çernezyom toprak tipi üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Farklı temel toprak işleme yöntemlerinin ayçiçeği tohumlarının toprak tabakasındaki dikey dağılımına ve bitki gelişimine üzerindeki etkisi gözlemlendi: 24-26 cm derinlikte toprak sürme, 24-26 cm derinlikte devirmeden toprak işleme, 10-12 cm derinlikte diskli toprak işleme ve direkt ekim (sıfır). Ekim için en uygun toprak tabakası alanında (5-7 cm) en yüksek ayçiçeği çekirdeği yüzdesinin devirmeden toprak işlemenin yapıldığı (62.1%) bölgelerde olduğu istatistiksel olarak kanıtlanmıştır. Diğer toprak işleme yöntemleri kullanıldığında, onların miktarı azalır. Normal değerine yakın ortalama günlük hava sıcaklığı koşullarında (10.1 °С) ekim gerçekleştirildiğinde devirmeden toprak işleme, diskli toprak işleme ve sıfır işleme yöntemlerinin, toprağı sürmeye kıyasla istatistiksel olarak daha yavaş ilerlediği tespit edilmiştir. Daha yüksek ortalama günlük hava sıcaklığı koşullarında (12.0 °С), kullanılan toprak işleme türüne bağlı olarak, sadece ayçiçeğin çimlenmesi süreci başlangıcında belirli bir gecikme gözlemlenir. Bu koşullar altında, diskli toprak işleme ve direkt ekim yöntemlerinin, toprak sürme yöntemine kıyasla, bu aşamanın seyrinde istatistiksel olarak kanıtlanmış bir farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Toprak işleme yöntemleri etkisinin en aza indirildiğinde veya göz ardı edildiğinde, ayçiçeği bitkilerinin gelişimlerinin ilk aşamalarındaki büyümeleri, istatiksel olarak yavaşladığı tespit edilmiştir. Çiçeklenme fenofazında, ayçiçeği saplarının yüksekliği ve çapı diskli toprak işleme yöntemi kullanıldığı takdirde en küçük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İncelenen toprak işleme yöntemlerinin, ayçiçeği tablasının çapı üzerinde istatistiksel olarak kanıtlanmış olan bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Ayçiçeği, Temel toprak işleme, Toprak tabakasında tohum dağılımı, Bitki gelişimi

Effects of Different Main Soil Tillage Methods on The Vertical Distribution of Sunflower Seeds in The Soil Layer and Plant Development

The investigation was carried out on slightly leached chernozem soil type during 2014 – 2016. The effects of different soil tillage methods for sunflower on the vertical distribution of the seeds in the soil layer and the development of the plants were followed – ploughing at 24-26 cm, chisel ploughing at 24-26 cm, disking with disk harrow at 10-12 cm and no-tillage. The highest percent of sunflower seeds in the zone of the soil layer optimal for sowing (5-7 cm) were significantly placed in the areas cultivated with chisel-ploughing (62.1%). Under the other types of soil tillage, their amount decreased. When sowing was performed at a mean diurnal air temperature close to the norm (10.1 °С), the emergence of the plants in the variants with chisel ploughing, disking and no-tillage occurred significantly slower in comparison to ploughing. At higher mean diurnal air temperature (12.0 °С), only at the beginning of sunflower emergence some delay was observed depending on the type of the applied soil tillage. Under these conditions, a significant difference in the occurrence of the phenophases was determined in the variants with disking and direct sowing, as compared to the areas with ploughing. With the minimizing and exclusion of the soil tillage, the growth of the sunflower plants was significantly retarded at the initial stages of their development. At phenophase flowering, the plant height and the stem diameter were lowest in the areas cultivated with disking. The investigated types of soil tillage did not have a significant effect on the diameter of the sunflower heads.

Keywords:

Sunflower, Main soil tillage, Distribution of seeds down the soil profile, Plant development,

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