Sosyal Karşılaştırma ve Öğrenilmiş Güçlülük İlişkisinin Yönetsel Etkileri Hastane Yöneticileri ve Çalışanları Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Sosyal karşılaştırma ve öğrenilmiş güçlülük kavramları, kişilerin iş davranışlarını etkileyen önemli faktörlerdendir. İnsanlar için "kendini değerlendirme", mevcut durumlarının tespitinde önemli bir süreçtir. Kişiler kendilerini değerlendirirken, objektif ölçütler bulamadıklarında, kendilerini toplumdaki diğer kişiler ile karşılaştırırlar, buna "sosyal karşılaştırma" denir. Karşılaştırmanın kim ile yapılacağı ve ne yöne doğru uygulanacağı önemlidir. Öğrenilmiş güçlülük ise, kişilerin içsel tepkilerini oto-kontrbl şeklinde düzenleyen davranış ve becerilerdir. Ayrıca, stresle baş etme yöntemi de olan öğrenilmiş güçlülük, olumsuz düşünce ve duyguların olmadığı anlamına gelmemektedir. Ancak, kişisel açıdan, olumsuz sonuçların minimum seviyeye indirilebilmesi için, değişikliklerin düzenlenebileceğine işaret eden bu kavram, örgütsel ve yönetsel açıdan da oldukça önemlidir. Bu araştırmada, İstanbul ilindeki hastane yöneticileri, doktor ve hemşire statüsünde çalışan kişilerin sosyal karşılaştırma, öğrenilmiş güçlülük ilişkilerinin yönetsel etkileri ve bu ilişkileri etkileyen faktörler incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, araştırmaya katılan doktorlar ve yöneticilerin sosyal karşılaştırma açısından farklılık gösterdiği; sosyal karşılaştırma ile yaş ve çalışma süresi arasında iînlamlı bir ilişki olduğu gözlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda sosyal karşılaştırma ile öğrenilmiş güçlülük arasında da anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuçta elde edilen bulgular kapsamında yönetsel çıkarımlar yapılmıştır.

A Study on Managerial Effects Social Comparison and Learned Resourcefulness on Hospital Managers and Workers

Social comparison and learned resourcefulness are important factors that affect work behaivors of individuals. Self-evaluation is a very important process for individuals to determine the present position. If people can not find objective criteria for self evaluation, they use social comparison process as social (subjective) criteria. It is important to whom with and which direction (upward - downward) to go and it's managerial effects in social comparison process. Learned resourcefulness is the ability to regulate intrinsic reactions of people in a manner of auto-control in stressful situations. Learned resourcefulness as a tool for coping with stress can help individuals to diminish the negative effects of stres and appears to be an important concept also for the organizations and managerial process. h this research, social comparison and learned resourcefulness factors that affect these processes were studied within hospital managers amd personnel in Istanbul. With the findings^ some differences were found in social comparisons between the doctors and hospital managers. In addition, a meaningful relationship was found among social comparison, age and working period while a second relationship appears between social comparison and learned resourcefulness. Finally, a few managerial inferences were made according to results.

___

  • Akgün, S; Ciarrochi, J. (2003). "Learned Resourcefulness Moderates the Relationship Between Academic Stress and Academic Performance", Educational Psychology, June 2003, C: 23, S:3, s.287-295.
  • Akgün, S. (2004). "The Effects of Situation and Learned Resourcefulness on Coping Responses", Social Behavior & Personality: An international Journal, Vol. 32 Issue 5, s.441-448.
  • Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unravelling the Mystery of Health: How People Manage Stress and Stay Well, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.USA.
  • Ben-Zur, H. (2005). "Optimism, Social Comparisons, and Coping with Vision Loss in Israel", Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, Mar 2005, C: 99, S: 3, s.151-164.
  • Bock, Philip K. (2001). İnsan Davranışının Kültürel Temelleri, (Çev.: N. Serpil Altuntek), İstanbul: İmge Kitabevi, s.328.
  • Brewer, M.B.; Weber, J.G. (1994). "Self-Evaluation Effects of Interpersonal Versus întergroup Social Comparison", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C:66 S:2, s.268-275.
  • Brown, R. (2000). Group Processes: Dynamics Within and Between Groups, Blackwell Pub., USA.
  • Brown, J.D.; Novick, N.J.; Lord, K.A.; Richards, J.M. (1992). "When Gulliver Travels: Social Context, Psychological Closeness, and Self-Appraisals", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C:62, s.717-727.
  • DeVellis, R. F.; Holt, K.; Renner, B. R.; Blalock, S. J.; Blanchard, L. W.; Cook, H. L.; Klotz, M. L.; Mikow, V.; Harring, K. (1990). "The Relationship of Social Comparison to Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms and Affect", Basic and Applied Social Psychology, C:ll, s.1-18.
  • Festinger, L. (1954). "A Theory of Social Comparison Processes", Human Relations, C:7, s.l 17-140.
  • Folkman, Susan (1984). "Personal Control, Stress and Coping Processes: A Theoretical Analysis", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S:46, s.4.
  • Folkman, S.; R. S. Lazarus (1985). "If It Changes It Must Be a Process: Study of Emotion and Coping During Three Stages of College Examination", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C:48, S: 1.
  • Folkman, S.; C Schefer; R. S. Lazarus. "Cognitive Processes as Mediators of Stress and Coping", V. Hamilton; D. M. Warburton (eds.) Human Stress and Cognition, Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1979.
  • French, David; Sutton, Stephen; Marteau, Theresa; Kinmonth, Ann Louise (2004). 'The Impact of Personal and Social Comparison Information About Health Risk", British Journal of Health Psychology, May2004, Vol. 9 Issue 2, s.187-200.
  • Harkins, Stephen G.; Szymanski, Kate. "Social Loafing and Social Facilitation" (içinde) Group Processes and întergroup Relations, (eds.) Clyde Hendrick. Sage Publications, 1987, s.184.
  • Hemphill, K. J.; Lehman, D. R. (1991). "Social Comparisons and their Affective Consequences: The Importance of Comparison Dimension and Individual Difference Variables", Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, C:10, s.372-394.
  • Hilton, D. J.; Smith, R. H.; Alicke, M. D. (1988). "Knowledge-Based Information Acquisition: Norms and the Functions of Consensus Information", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C:55,. S:4, s.530-540.
  • Irving, L. M. (1990). "Mirror Images: Effects of the Standard of Beauty on the Self and Body-Esteem of Women Exhibiting Varying Levels of Bulimic Symptoms", Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, C:9, s.230-242.
  • Katz, R.G; Singh, N.N. (1986). "Reflections on the Ex-Smoker: Some Findings on Successful Quitters", Journal of Behavioral Medicine, C: 9, s.191-202.
  • Kennnett, J. (1994). "Employment Counselling: Going Beyond the Basics", M. Van Norman (eds.) 20th National Consultation on Career Development, Toronto: University of Toronto Career Centre.
  • Kulik, C. T.; Ambrose, M. L. (1992). "Personal and Situational Determinants of Referent Choice", Academy of Management Review, C:17, S:2, s.212-237.
  • Lockwood, P.; Kunda, Z. (1997). "Superstars and Me: Predicting the Impact of Role Models on the Self, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C:73f S:l, s.91-103.
  • Major, B.; Testa, M.; Bylsma, W.H. (1991). "Responses to Upward and Downward Social Comparisons: The Impact of Esteem-Relevance and Perceived Control", Suls and T.A. Wills (eds.), Social Comparison: Contemporary Theory and Research, Hiilsdale, NJ: Erlbaum., s.237-260.
  • Martin, M. C; Kennedy, P. F. (1993). "Advertising and Social Comparison: Consequences for Female Preadolescents and Adolescents", Psychology and Marketing, C:10, s.513-530.
  • Morse, S.; Gergen, K. J. (1970). "Social Comparison, Self-Consistency, and the Concept of Self, Journal of Personalty and Social Psychology, C:16, S:l, s.148-156.
  • Pelham, B.W.; Wachsmuth, J.O. (1995). "The Waxing and Waning of the Social Self: Assimilation and Contrast in Social Comparison", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C:69, s.825-838,
  • Rosenbaum, M. (1980). "A Schedule for Assessing Self-Control Behaviors: Preliminary Findings", Behavior Therapy, Oil, s.109-121.
  • Rosenbaum, M. (1983). "Learned Resourcefulness as a Behavioral Repertoire for the Self-Regulation of Internal Events: Issues and Speculations", M. Rosenbaum, C. M. Frank; Y. Jaffe (Eds.), Perspectives on Behavior Therapy in the Eighties, New York: Springer, s.54-73.
  • Rosenbaum, M.; Ben-Ari, K. (1985). "Learned Helplessness and Learned Resourcefulness: Effects of Noncontiiigent Success and Failure on Individuals Differing in Self-Control Skills", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C: 48, s. 198-215.
  • Rosenbaum, M.; Ben-Aft Smira, K. (1986). "Cognitive and Personality Factors in the Delay of Gratification of Hemodialysis Patients" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C:51, s.357-364.
  • Rosenbaum, M. (1990). "The Role of Learned Resourcefulness in the Self-Control of Health Behavior", (içinde) Learned Resourcefulness Rosenbaum (eds.), New York: Springer. S-3 s.30.
  • Smith, Heather (2004). "Group Membership and Everyday Social Comparison Experiences", European Journal of Social Psychology May/Jun2004, Vol. 34, Issue 3, s.297-308.
  • Strang, L.; Smith, M.D.; Rogers, CM. (1978). "Social Comparison, Multiple Reference Groups, and the Self-Concepts of Academically Handicapped Children Before and After Mainstreaming", Journal of Educational Psychology, C:70, S:4, s.487-497.
  • Şahin, Nesrin Hisli; Durak, A. (1995). "Stresle Başa Çıkma Tarzları ölçeği: Üniversite Öğrencileri için Uyarlanması", Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, Ankara: C:10, S:34, s.86-113.
  • Tennen, H.; McKee, T. E.; Affleck, G. (2000). "Social Comparison Processes in Health and Illness" (içinde) J. Suls; L. Wheeler (eds.) Handbook of Social Comparison; Theory and Research, New York: Kluwer Academic, s. 443-483.
  • Thibaut, J.W. ; Strickland, L.H. (1956), "Psychological Set and Social Conformity", Journal of Personality, 25, s.l 15-129.
  • Van der Zee, K.; Buunk, B.; Sanderman, R.; Botke, G.; Bergh, F. V. D. (2000). "Social Comparison and Coping with Cancer Treatment", Personality and Individual Differences, C:28, s.17-34.
  • Wheeler, L.; Miyake, K. (1992). "Social Comparison in Everyday Life", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C:62, s.760-773.
  • Wilke, Henk A.M.; Meertens, Roel W. (1994). Group Performance. Routledge, London, s.26.
  • Zanna, M.P. (1995). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, New York: Academic Pres, C:25, s.45-67.
  • -------Anonim: (Editör: Işık Savaşır, Nesrin HisÜ Şahin): Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapilerde Değerlendirme Sık Kullanılan Ölçekler, Özyurt Maatbacılık, Ankara 1997, s.86-113.