Apoptotik ve otofajik ölümlerde hücre içi organizasyon?

Programlı hücre ölümü hem embriyonik, hem normal, hem de patolojik durumlarda ortaya çıktığından, embriyonik gelişim ve hastalıklarda önemli rol oynar. Hücre ölüm tiplerinden apoptoz, çok hücreli organizmalarda hücre ölümünün düzenlenmesinin başlıca formudur. Özellikle iki temel yolak tarafından kontrol edilen apoptoz (intrinsik ve ekstrinsik yolaklar aracılığı ile), hücre içi veya dışından gelen uyarılara cevaben uygun yolağın tetiklenmesi ile gerçekleşir. Otofaji ile ölümde ise, farklı mekanizmalar kullanılması yanısıra, esas fonksiyon ölen hücrenin bir membranla sarılı olarak ortamdan uzaklaştırılmasıdır. Apoptoz ve otofaji sırasında, en önemli değişiklik hücre içi organizasyon ve organallerin gösterdiği değişikliklerdir. Özellikle memeli hücrelerin organel yapısı dramatik bir şekilde değişime uğrar ve hücre ölüm tipinin tanımlanmasını organize eder. Apoptotik süreç içerisinde kontrol mekanizmalarından kaspazlar ile düzenlenen proteaz mekanizması ve rolleri anlaşılmasına rağmen, hücre ölümü sırasında meydana gelen sitoplazmik ve organel değişikliklerinin kontrol mekanizmaları ve amacı tam olarak açıklanamamıştır. Yapılan son çalışmalar kaspazların, organel proteinlerini etkilemesi sonucunda apoptotik süreçte gözlenen organel hasarlarına neden olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu da hücre ölümünde organel hasarına bağlı yolakların varlığını desteklemektedir. Bu derlemede; apoptotik ve otofajik hücre ölümü sırasında meydana gelen hücre içi organizasyonun kontrolü ve endomembran sisteminde ve organellerde olan değişiklikler açıklanmaya çalışılmıtır. Bununla beraber, hem apoptoz hem de otofajide endomembran trafiğinin moleküler kontrolündeki değişiklikler tartışılmıştır.

Intracellular organization in apoptotik and autophagic death

Programmed cell death emerge in both embriyonic, normal and patologic situation therefore plays crucial roles in both embryonic development and disease. One of types of the cell death, apoptosis, is the main form of regulated cell death in multicellular organisms. Apoptosis which is controlled particularly by two mainly pathways (intrinsic and extrinsic pathway) occur with triggered appropriate pathway according to response that come from in or out of cell. During cell death because of autophagy which control with different pathways, the cells which enrolled with spesific membranes are removed. During apoptosis and autophagy, the importantly evidence that intracellular organization and structural differencies. Especially in mammalian cells undergo dramatic changes in organelle structure and organisation. The controlling of apoptosis with caspases pathways using protease are quite well understood, however, during cell death, the purpose of organelle disruption is not yet entirely understood. In addition, recent studies were supported that after expression of caspase, the organellar proteins are effected and organelle disruption upstream of apoptotic execution proper were demonstrated. Further, that contribute existing the pathways linking disrupt of organelle. In this review, we try to describe the changes to organelles and endomembrane systems and controlling of intracelluler organization during the apoptotic and autophagic cell death. We also discuss the differencies molecular control of endomembrane trafficking in both apoptosis and autophagy.

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