Geç Kuvaterner Buzul Buzullararası Döngülerinin Anadolu’nun Biyolojik Çeşitliliği Üzerine Etkileri

Büyük kıtasal buz tabakaları, Kuzey Yarımküre ’de Kuveterner boyunca birçok kez ilerlemiş ve geri çekilmiştir. Büyük kıtasal buz tabakalarının olduğu dönemler buzul dönemler, diğer dönemler ise buzullararası dönemler olarak bilinmektedir. Buzul buzullararası döngülere eşlik eden iklim değişiklikleri, ya türlerin yer değiştirmesine, değişen çevresel koşullara uyum sağlamasına ya da yok olmasına neden olur. Coğrafi dağılım değişiklikleri, türlerin bu iklim değişikliklerine verdiği en çarpıcı ve en iyi belgelenmiş cevaplardır. Türlerin Geç Kuvaterner buzul buzullararası döngülerine eşlik eden küresel iklim değişikliklerine nasıl cevap verdiğini anlamak için, ekolojik niş modellemesi, son zamanlarda biyocoğrafi çalışmalarda moleküler filocoğrafya ile birlikte yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ekolojik niş modellemesi, moleküler filocoğrafya ile birlikte, Anadolu’da yaşayan türlerin Kuvaterner dinamiklerini/evrimsel tarihini ve böylece Anadolu’nun biyocoğrafyasını anlamamıza katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu yazıda, yukarıdaki içerik açısından kuş ve memeli türleri ile ilgili birkaç örnek verilmiş ve gelecek perspektifleri tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Biyocoğrafya, coğrafi dağılım değişiklikleri, ekolojik niş modellemesi, iklim değişikliği, kuşlar, memeliler

The Effects of the Late Quaternary Glacial-Interglacial Cycles on the Biodiversity of Anatolia

Large continental ice-sheets in the Northern Hemisphere have grown and retreated many times throughout the Quaternary. Times with and without large continental ice-sheets are known as glacial and interglacial periods, respectively. Strong climatic fluctuations accompanying glacial-interglacial cycles forced species to either move to locations that remain suitable, adapt to changing environmental conditions, or go extinct. Range shifts are the most conspicuous and best documented responses of species to these climatic fluctuations. To understand how species have responded to global climate changes through the Late Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles, ecological niche modelling, together with molecular phylogeography, has been widely used in recent biogeographic studies. Ecological niche modelling, together with molecular phylogeography, will extend the Quaternary dynamics and evolutionary history of species living in Anatolia and therefore the understanding of the biogeography of Anatolia. In this article, a few examples regarding bird and mammal species were given to illustrate the above-mentioned contents, and the future perspectives were discussed.

Keywords:

Biogeography, birds, climate change, ecological niche modelling, mammals, range shifts,

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