Şehnaz MERTOĞLU, Gürsel HATAT KARACA, Melis BİLGİNTURAN

Entomopatojen fungusların bitki gelişimi ve bitkilerde hastalık oluşumu üzerine etkileri

Entomopatojen funguslar, bitki zararlılarına karşı biyolojik savaşta kullanılabilen etmenler olarak bilinmektedirler. Son zamanlarda yapılan araştırmalar, zararlı organizmalara ek olarak bitki patojenlerine karşı da etkili olabildiklerini ortaya koymuştur. Entomopatojen fungusların bitki patojenleri üzerindeki etkileri doğrudan veya dolaylı olabilmektedir. Doğrudan etkileri, üç farklı antagonizm mekanizması ile; I) parazitizm, II) konukçu bitki çevresindeki enerji kaynakları bakımından patojenlerle rekabete girmek, ya da III) patojen gelişimini baskılayan kimyasallar salgılamak şeklindedir. Entomopatojen fungusların patojenler üzerindeki dolaylı etkileri ise, bitkilerle olumlu etkileşimleri yoluyla ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bitkilerle endofitik ilişki kurabilen entomopatojen funguslar, bitki gelişimine olumlu katkı sağlamaları yanında bitki savunmasını uyararak patojenlere karşı duyarlılığı da azaltmaktadır. Bu makalede, entomopatojen fungusların bitki gelişimi ve hastalıkları üzerindeki doğrudan ve dolaylı etkileri ele alınmıştır. Bu konuda artan bilgiler, sürdürülebilir tarım çerçevesinde bitki hastalıklarıyla mücadelede biyolojik etmenlerin ve bunlar arasında da entomopatojen fungusların kullanımının yaygınlaşmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Mevcut literatür ışığında konuyu ele alan makale hem bitki zararlıları, hem de patojenler üzerinde etkili olan biyopestisitlere dikkat çekilmesi bakımından önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Endofit funguslar, antagonizm, rekabet, antibiyosis, uyarılmış dayanıklılık

The effects of entomopathogenic fungi on plant growth and occurrence of disease on plants

Entomopathogenic fungi are used as biocontrol agents against plant pests. However, recent studies showed that they could also be effective in controlling plant pathogens, either directly or indirectly. Direct effects are related to three mechanisms of antagonism; I) parasitism, II) competition for energy sources around the host plant, and III) production of metabolites that suppress pathogen growth. In addition, they indirectly affect pathogens via their positive interactions with plants. Entomopathogenic fungi in endophytic relationships with plants may decrease the susceptibility of plants to pathogens by facilitating their growth and inducing their defense mechanisms. In this review, the direct and indirect effects of entomopathogenic fungi on plant growth and disease occurrence on plants are discussed. Increased knowledge on this subject can contribute to the use of biocontrol agents becoming more widespread, particularly entomopathogenic fungi, for the control of plant diseases. This review also discusses the subject in the context of current literature because it is important to draw attention to the use of biopesticides, not only against pests, but also against plant pathogens.

Keywords:

Endophytic fungi, antagonism, competition, antibiosis, induced resistance,

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