ÇİN'İN BARIŞÇIL GELİŞME SÖYLEMİ'NİN İMKÂN VE SINIRLARI: AFRİKA ÖRNEĞİ

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti sahip olduğu kültürel, demografik, coğrafi ve ekonomik potansiyel ile tarih boyunca önde gelen medeniyetlerden biri olagelmiştir. Bugün de dünyanın yükselen yeni politik süper güç adaylarından biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Çin, 1950’li yıllarla beraber bu pontasiyelin bölgesel ve küresel aktörleri Çin korkusu ve karşıtlığında birleştirmesinden endişe duymuş ve söylem düzeyinde barışçıl bir retorik benimseyerek dış ilişkilerini bu çerçevede inşa etme ve sürdürme yolunu seçmiştir. Bugün için Barışçıl Gelişme Stratejisi şeklinde karşımıza çıkan bu söylem, içeriği, ortaya çıkaran sebepleri ve geleceği ile alâkalı yoğun tartışmalara yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışma, söz konusu tartışmalardan mülhem olarak Barışçıl Gelişme Stratejisi’nin düşünsel ve tarihi arkaplanını, oluşumuna yol açan stratejik ve politik gereklilikleri ortaya koymaya çalışmakta ve Çin’e uluslararası ilişkilerde nasıl alan açtığını ve ne tür kısıtlılıklarının olduğunu irdelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede Çin - Afrika ilişkilerinden örnek olay incelemelerine yer verilmiştir. Çin – Afrika İşbirliği Forumu Barışçıl Gelişme Stratejisi’nin Çin’e uluslararası ilişkilerde nasıl imkânlar sunduğunu tahlil etme noktasında örnek olay seçilmiştir. Çin’in gerek ulusal gerekse de dış politika hedeflerinde Afrika’nın önemi ve Barışçıl Gelişme’nin bu hedeflere ulaşmada sağladığı katkılar bu dış politika stratejisinin getirilerini anlama yolunda önemli katkı sağlamaktadır. Çin’in Afrika’daki çatışma ve istikrarsızlıklar karşısında gerek ulusal gerekse de uluslararası çıkarları bağlamında gerçekleştirdiği müdahale örnekleri ise Barışçıl Gelişme’nin bugün için kısıtlılıkları ve gelecekteki muhtemel durumunu tahlil etmede örnek olay olarak alınmıştır.

THE ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF CHINA'S PEACEFUL DEVELOPMENT DISCOURSE: THE CASE OF AFRICA

Regarding cultural, demographic, geographic and economic potential it has had, People’s Republic of China has been one of the prominent civilazations of the world throughout history. Moreover, it has been rising as a potential new great power today. During the 1950s, China noticed that its material potential could cause regional and global powers to stand together against it and decided to embrace a new peaceful foreign policy discourse and to build its new foreign policies in accordance with the new discourse so that it could prevent China’s neighbours and global super powers from gathering in the anti-China camp. Today labelled as Peaceful Development Strategy, the new discourse has created tough debates over topics such as its main principals, the root causes it arised from and how it will be seen in the future. This paper, first tries to shed light on the historical and intellectual background of it, exploring the root strategic and political necessities that engender its emergence. Then, secondly, the paper tries to reveal the opportunities and limits of the new peaceful discourse with regards to global politics by handling a few case studies in China - Africa Relations. The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation is selected as a case study to analyze how the Peaceful Development has provided China with opportunities in international relations. The importance of Africa in China's national and foreign policy goals and the role of Peaceful Development in achieving these goals make a significant contribution to understanding the benefits of this foreign policy strategy. Examples of China's interventions resulted from both its national and international interests in the face of conflicts and instabilities in Africa have been taken as a case study to explore the current constraints and possible future situation of Peaceful Development.

___

Aidoo, R., Hess, S.(2015), Non-Interference 2.0: China’s Evolving Foreign Policy towards a Changing Africa, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 44(1), 107-139.

Albert, E.(April, 2017), China in Africa, Council on Foreign Relations, Web:https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-africa Alpay, Y.(2009), Çin Afrika’da Ne Yapıyor?, TASAM Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Sayı 14, 3-18.

Benabdallah, L.(Eylül, 2018), “Xi Jinping pledged $60 billion for Africa. Where will the money go?”, The Washington Post, Web: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkeycage/wp/2018/09/17/xi-jinping-pledged-60-billion-for-africa-where-will-the-money-go

Buzan, B.(2014), The Logic and Contradictions of Peaceful Rise/Development as China’s Grand Strategy, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 7(4), 381-420.

Cao, Q.(2007), Confucian Vision of a New World Order : Culturalist Discourse, Foreign Policy and the Press in Contemporary China, The International Communication Gazette, 69(5), 431-450.

China - Africa Research Initiative(May,2017), Data: China Africa Trade, Web:http://www.saiscari.org/data-china-africa-trade/, Erişim Tarihi:10.01.2018

China’s Initiation of the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Web: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18053.shtml,

China’s Peaceful Development (2011) , Information Office of the State Council: The People’s Republic of China, Web: http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/09/09/content_281474986284646.htm

China Opens First Overseas Base, Voice of America, Web:https://www.voanews.com/a/china-overseasmilitary-base/4099717.html, Erişim Tarihi:10.01.2018

Eisenman, J., Kurlantzick, J.(May, 2006), China’s Africa Strategy, Current History, 219-224. fDi Intelligence(2016), Africa Investment Report 2016

FOCAC, The First Ministerial Conference of FOCAC, Web: http://www.focac.org/eng/ltda/dyjbzjhy/CI12009/t157577.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2018

FOCAC, The 5th Ministerial Conference, Web: http://www.focac.org/eng/ltda/dwjbzjjhys/, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2018

FOCAC, China’s Cooperative Measures With Africa Substantial, Effective, Web:http://www.focac.org/eng/ltda/dwjbzjjhys/t954284.htm , Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2018

FOCAC, Xi Announces 10 Major China-Africa Cooperation Plans For Coming 3 Years, Web:http://www.focac.org/eng/ltda/dwjbzjjhys_1/t1322068.htm , Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2018

FOCAC, Declaration of the Johannesburg Summit of the Forum on China - Africa Cooperation, Web:http://www.focac.org/eng/ltda/dwjbzjjhys_1/t1327960.htm , Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2018

Glaser, B.S., Medeiros, E.S.(2007), The Changing Ecology of Foreign Policy-Making in China: The Ascension and Demise of the Theory of Peaceful Rise, The China Quarterly, No:190, 291-310.

Goldstein, A.(2001), The Diplomatic Face of China’s Grand Strategy: A Rising Power’s Emerging Choice, The China Quarterly, Sayı: 168, 835-864.

Iyasu, A.A.(2013), China’s Non-Interference Policy and Growing African Concerns, African Arguments, Web: http://africanarguments.org/2013/07/18/chinas-non-interference-policy-andgrowing-african-concerns

Jiang, Z.(2015), “China’s New Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping: Towards Peaceful Rise 2.0?”, Global Change, Peace&Security, 27(1), 5-19.

Kadier, Y.(2013), 21.Yüzyılda Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin Afrika Politikası, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul

Lai (2008), An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy (First Edition), New York: Cambridge University Press

Large, D.(2008), China & the Contradictions of ‘Non-interference’ in Sudan, Review of African Political Economy, 35(115), 93-106.

Levi, W. (1953), Modern China’s Foreign Policy (First Edition), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,

Li, C.(2006), The Confucian Ideal of Harmony, Philosophy East and West, 56(4), 583-603.

Morgan, E.C.(2017), China’s Arm Sales in Africa, Sustainable Security, Web:https://sustainablesecurity.org/2017/04/19/chinas-arms-sales-in-africa

Okafor, P.(July, 2016), China Accounts for 30% of Growth in Africa’s Power Sector, Vanguard, Web: http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/china-accounts-30-growth-africas-power-sector/,

Panda, A.(June 2014), Reflecting on China’s Five Principles 60 Years Later, The Diplomat, Web: http://thediplomat.com/2014/06/reflecting-on-chinas-five-principles-60-years-later/, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2018.

Putten, F.P.V.D.(2013), Harmony with Diversity: China’s Preferred World Order and Weakening Influence in the Developing World, Global Policy, 4(1), 53-62.

Rosker, J.S.(2013), The Concept of Harmony in Contemporary P.R. China and in Taiwanese Modern Confucianism, Asian Studies, 1(2), 3-20.

Rukato, W.(2016), China’s Growing Interests in Africa; A challenge to ‘Non-Interference’?, From Africa to China, Web: https://fromafricatochina.com/2016/12/06/chinas-growing-interests-inafrica-a-challenge-to-non-interference

Shinn, D.(2014), Africa Tests China’s Non-Interference Policy, China US Focus, Web: https://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/africa-tests-chinas-non-interference-policy, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2018

Tull, D.M.(2006), China’s Engagement in Africa: Scope, Significance and Consequences, Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(3), 459-479.

Uchehara, K.E.(2009), China - Africa Relations in the 21st Century: Engagement, Compromise and Controversy, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 6(23), 95-111.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Develeopment (2017), World Investment Report 2017 : Investment and the Digital Economy, Geneva: United Nations

Verhoeven, H.(2014), Is Beijing’s Non-Interference Policy History? How Africa is Changing China, The Washington Quarterly, 37(2), 55-70.

Xi's Speech at 'Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence' Anniversary, China.Org.Cn, Web: http://www.china.org.cn/world/2014-07/07/content_32876905.htm

Zambelis, C.(2011), A Swan Song in Sudan and Libya for China’s “Non-Interference” Principle, China Brief Volume, 11(15), Web: https://jamestown.org/program/a-swan-song-in-sudan-and-libyafor-chinas-non-interference-principle

Zhang, S.G. (2007), Constructing ‘Peaceful Coexistence’: China’s Diplomacy toward the Geneva and Bandung Conferences, 1945-55, Cold War History, 7(4), 509-528.

Zhang, F.(2012), China’s New Thinking on Alliances, Survival, 54(5), 129-148.

Zheng, Y., Tok, S.K(2007), Harmonious Society and Harmonious World: China’s Policy Discourse Under Hu Jintao, China Policy Institute of the University of Nottingham