KORUMA-YENİLEME ODAKLI BİR YAKLAŞIM ÇERÇEVESİNDE KAYSERİ “GERMİR” YERLEŞİMİNİN BUGÜNÜ VE GELECEĞİ

Kültürel Mimari miras kavramı Uluslararası Anıtlar ve Sitler Konseyi tarafından kentsel koruma literatürüne son zamanlarda girmiş bir kavramdır. Sürdürülebilirlik ilkesi gereği kültür varlıkları ile sit alanlarının korunmasını ve gelecek nesillere eksiksiz bir biçimde aktarılmasını içermektedir. Özellikle, kentsel koruma yolu ile koruma kültürü ve bilincinin toplumlara kazandırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Mimari mirasın korunması kentsel belleğin sürdürülmesi açısından da önem göstermektedir. Avrupa’da korumaya ilişkin mevzuat çok eski olmasına rağmen, ülkemizde oldukça yenidir. Özellikle, Koruma altına alınan bölgelerde,koruma ilkeleri ile ölçütlerine uygun uygulamalar yapılmaktadır. Buna dair olarak da başta 1964 yılında kabul edilen Venedik tüzüğü olmak üzere çok sayıda uluslararası anlaşmanın hükümleri geçerlidir. Bu hükümler iç hukuk sistemini de etkilemektedir. Cumhuriyet dönemi ile birlikte, korumacılık farklı bir alana taşınmaya başlamıştır. Müzeciliğin Osman Hamdibey tarafından Osmanlı döneminde başlatılmasının ardından, kentsel ölçekte hangi tarihi döneme ait olup olmaksızın tüm tarihi ve kültür varlıklarını korumayı esas alan bir yaklaşım önemli hale gelmiştir. Bunda,1951 yılında Gayrimenkul Eski Eserler Anıtlar Kurulunun kurulması da temel etkenlerden biri olmuştur. Ancak, 1980 yılından sonra bu yapılanma ortadan kaldırılarak yerine yeni bir örgütlenmeye geçiş yapılmıştır. Koruma Amaçlı İmar Planlama çalışmaları ise ülkemizde 2863 ve 3386 sayılı Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma yasalarında belirtilen hükümler uyarınca Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, eski adı ile İller Bankası şimdiki adı ile İl Bank, Valilikler ve Belediyelerce gerçekleştirilmektedir. Çoğunlukla bakanlık ve iller bankasınca yapılan veya yaptırılan koruma amaçlı imar planları analiz, sentez çalışmaları ile planların çeşitli ölçeklerde elde edilmesi ve uygulanması aşamalarını kapsamaktadır. 2863 sayılı yasa uyarınca tespit, tescil ve belgeleme çalışmaları bakanlık ve koruma kurullarınca yapılmaktadır. Planların fonksiyonel değişiklikler yolu ile yoğunluklar değişmeden yapılabilmesinin araçları üzerinde durmak gerekir. Genellikle, plan 268Asım Mustafa AYTENTurkish StudiesInternational Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or TurkicVolume 10/6 Spring 2015yapımı öncesinde sit alanlarındaki yapılar üzerinde imar hakları kısıtlanmaktadır. Diğer taraftan,istenilen hedefler bir türlü sağlanamamakta, planların performansları ise düşük olmaktadır. Bu da kamu kaynaklarının boşa gitmesineve atıl kalmasınaneden olmaktadır. Üstelik pek çok belediye,planların uygulanması konusunda pasif kalmaktadır. Örneğin, bu duruma bölgede yaşayan halkın tescile ve sit kavramına tepkili olmaları da eklenebilir. Türkiye’deki en önemlisorun ise planlardan çok planların hangi araçlarla, finansman ve örgütlenme modelleri ile uygulanacağı üzerinedir. Projelendirme, Programlama, Politika oluşturma ve Parasal kaynak bulmak da ayrıca uygulamayı başarılı kılan diğer etmenlerdir.Bu holistik yaklaşım içinde koruma altına alınan bu gibi bölgeleri pasif koruma yerine aktif bir koruma içinde ele alarak korumak esas olmak durumundadır.

A APPROACH FOCUSED ON CONSERVATION AND RENEWAL FRAMEWORK: KAYSERİ, GERMİR CASE ON TODAY AND FUTURE

Cultural and Architectural heritage as an concept has taken placed in conservation literature recently by ICOMOS.”I nternational Council on Monuments and Sites.” This concept also consists of cultural assets conservation within the site areas and passed through future generations in terms of sustainability principle. Especially, Conservation culture and awarness should be gained to societies by using urban conservation. Conservation of architectural heritage has indicated that urban memory can enable to sustainable. Conservation legislation is older in Europe than in Turkey. In conservation site areas, the implementations have been made suitable to conservation principles and criterias by municipalities. For example, approved by states 1964 dated Venice act and the other many international conventions are still valid for all states. As We known that The international laws, conventions, aggrements, have effect upon inlaw system of states in law norms hierarchy. Together with Republician period of Turkey, Conservation issues has begun to transfered to a different scope. After museum studies were commenced by Osman Hamdi bey in Ottoman Empire period, A conservation approach has taken as basis on all historical, cultural assets and sites in urban scale. This development was one of the effecting on mainly factor that historical assets and monuments council founded in 1951. However, this organizational structure was abolished in 1980’s by the military government. Then, It was newly established on different councils locally in Turkey. Conservation aimed development plans works have been made and realised in terms of 2863 and 3386 numbered laws by Cultural and Tourism Ministry, İller Bankası, Municipalities and governorates. Those plans have an procedure Which consists of three steps are analysis, synthesis and planning decisions and implementation. According to the law number 2863, determination, inscription and documentation process has been taken decisions and monitored by Ministry’s regional councils. So generally, before making conservation aimed plan as called as provisional period construct conditions are determined by regional councils. Development rights on registered historical buildings in site areas are restricted on. From this point of, We must focused on implementation tools Which ensuring functional changes on urban land use but not changing densities. On the other hand, projected aims are not succeded in and performance of plans is decay. This fact resulted in public funding remain inactive. Furthermore, many municipalities have unwillingliness behave on implementaion of conservation aimed plans. We are adding on this fact reason. For instance, The local people has shown reaction to inscription on buildings and site concept, We believe that the most important problem is planning rather than planning applications with financial and organizational model. There must be planning, project, policy, programme and monetary sources for conservation aimed plans. Within the holistic approach, active conservation should be put into practice instead of passive conservation. It has become obligatory from one monument or building scale conservation to urban texture scale conservation by making conservation aimed plans. Local governments as municipalities and Ministy of Culture by Municipality councils giving attributes get planning works done. There are many registered urban, historical, archeolojical and natural site areas in Turkey. Traditional civic architectural buildings with monumental buildings such as mosque, caravanserai, public bath, madrasa, tomb have been tried to conserved comprehensively. Particularly, İnternational conservation organizations such as European Union, Unesco has been encouraging to states through public fundings and technical supports. So Many conservation regions are sites and historical buildings once have taken to world heritage list. For instance, Safranbolu, Divriği Ulu Camii ve Darüşifası, Hattuşaş, İstanbul historical peninsula, Eminönü region, Nemrut dağı, Xanthos-Letoon, Truva ancient city, Edirne Selimiye mosque and social complex, Çatalhöyük neolithic city, Bergama multi layer cultural landscape site, Bursa and Cumalıkızık, Göreme National park and Cappadocia, Pamukkale-Hierapolis. In this study, as an case of Kayseri Germir conservation aimed plans tackled. Germir settlement was an old village now being in a quarter of Kayseri Metropolitan area. It is located on city’s east direction. Along the history, Germir has specialized on specific products and made trade intensively. However, Germir lost trade characteristics Cehri was a kind of plant which used as raw material in painting sector in the past. Now, It has not used by painting sector due to technological developments. Muslims and non muslim minorities had lived on Germir in the beginning of 20th century. Generally, While Turks deal with agriculture and husbandary, minority groups such as Ermenians, Rums deal with trade, construction works. Germir has potential on cultural and natural tourism, ecotourism or sustainable tourism. In macro level of planning, Kayseri and Germir as an center has not achieved on intended objective. However, A cultural tourism road network should be planned and established in Germir-Gesi and Ağırnas settlements. As the people wants to escape from metropolitan cities and it’s leading living stress, settlements on this route or network may be rather a adaptive living region. In this respect, Germir’s ecolojical, historical and cultural structure on conserving should be a integrated architectural approach. So that eco tourism aimed locally economical and social development program will be implemented easily. Tourism develops the other service sectors so Germir will not lost population. Germir have religious monumental buildings which has renovated and restorated in originally form. Both of public sector and private sector should be restoration facilities in strategic interventions such as reused and functional changes. In this context, It is necessary to begin the restoration works because of stone materials used. In addition, those buildings on street as conservation and rehabilitation street implications with square and open spaces must be proceed. This work aimed that develop a conservation perspective and approach for problems and solutions to them for Germir 1. Natural and Urban site areas in Metropolitan city boundary of Kayseri. In this framework, during the preparation of article, We used from conservation aimed plan technical report of İller Bankası. Planning procedures still continue on. We distinguished that Germir’s literatüre has very limited. On this review work, it is shown that conservation aimed development plans have long time period. This condition is an seriously handicap for conservation issues and politics. On the other hand, It has been commonly used visual determination by taking photographes and interview with households.

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