DÜNYADA İŞ VE YATIRIM ORTAMINI İYİLEŞTİRMEK İÇİN YAPILAN REFORMLARIN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: GELİR GRUPLARINA GÖRE PANEL EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ

Ekonomik yapının girişimcilerin önündeki engelleri azaltmaya yönelik olması, ekonomik büyümeye katkıda bulunan yeni girişimlerin ortaya çıkmasına ve özel sektörün gelişmesine olanak tanır. Bu nedenle birçok ülke, ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik etmek için, girişim sürecini basitleştirmeye odaklanmış, bir işe başlamak için resmi olarak gerekli tüm prosedürlerin yarattığı zaman ve maliyetleri azaltmaya yönelik reformları hayata geçirmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada 2007-2017 yılları arasını kapsayan dönemde işe başlama kolaylıkları ile kişi başına GSMH arasındaki ilişki, 170 ülke için panel veri analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Ülkeler, gelir gruplarına (Dünya Bankası’nın 2018 yılı gelir eşiklerine) göre düşük gelire sahip 28 ülke, alt-orta gelir seviyesine sahip 43 ülke, üst-orta gelir seviyesine sahip 49 ülke ve yüksek gelir seviyesine sahip 50 ülke olarak dört grup halinde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada, öncelikle bağımsız değişken olan işe başlama konusundaki en iyi uygulamaya yakınlık (DTF) ve bağımlı değişken olan kişi başına GSMH değişkenlerinin durağanlıkları araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla panel veri analizinde öncelikle her gelir grubu için verilerin birim kök içerip içermediği; Im, Pesaran ve Shin (2003), Levin vd. (2002) ve Breitung (2000) birim kök testleri ile sınanmıştır. Daha sonra değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönem ilişkiyi tespit etmek üzere Pedroni ve Kao eşbütünleşme testleri uygulanmıştır. Bu testler uygulandıktan sonra eşbütünleşik değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkinin katsayılarını tahmin etmek için model tahmincileri olan DOLS (Dinamik En Küçük Kareler) ile FMOLS (Tam Düzeltilmiş En Küçük Kareler) tahmincileri kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca bulgular her bir gelir grubu için karşılaştırılarak yorumlanmıştır.

THE EFFECTS OF REFORMS TO IMPROVE BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE WORLD: PANEL COINTEGRATION ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO INCOME GROUPS

The economic structure which is aimed at reducing the barriers to entrepreneurs enables the emergence of new initiatives that contribute to economic growth and the development of the private sector. Therefore, in order to promote economic growth, many countries have focused on simplifying the entrepreneurship process and have started implementing reforms aimed at reducing the time spent on official procedures to starting a business. In this study, the relationship between the ease of starting a business and GDP per capita for the period 2007-2017 was analyzed by panel data analysis method for 170 countries. Countries are divided into four groups according to their income levels (World Bank 2018 income thresholds); 28 countries with low income, 43 countries with lower-middle income levels, 49 countries with upper-middle income levels and 50 groups with high-income levels. Firstly, the stationarity of variables that distance to frontier in starting a business as an independent variable (DTF) and GDP per capita as dependent variable were investigated in the study. For this purpose, in panel data analysis, firstly, data for each income group were tested to find out if they contain unit root with Im, Pesaran and Shin (2003), Levin et al. (2002) and Breitung (2000) unit root tests. Then, Pedroni and Kao cointegration tests were applied to determine the long-term relationship between the variables. After these tests were applied, model estimators DOLS (Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares) and FMOLS (Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares) were used to estimate the coefficients of the long-term relationship between the cointegrated variables. Also, the findings were compared for each income group.

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