COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Türkiye’de Kayıt Dışı Çalışanlar

Uluslararası İşgücü Örgütü, COVID-19 pandemisi sebebiyle uygulanan iş yerlerinin kapatılması ve bulaşı önleyici yasaklar ile pandeminin getirdiği ekonomik durgunluğun etkilerinin küresel olarak en fazla kayıt dışı ekonomide istihdam edilen bireyler ve faaliyet gösteren işletmeler tarafından hissedileceğini öngörmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı pandeminin kayıt dışı çalışanlar üzerindeki etkilerini özetleyip Türkiye’de kayıt dışı çalışanların durumuna dikkat çekmektir. Bunun için ilk olarak dünyada kayıt dışı çalışanların durumu ve pandeminin kayıt dışı çalışanlar üzerindeki etkileri tartışılmaktadır. İkinci olarak çalışmada Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından gerçekleştirilen Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi verileri kullanılarak Türkiye’de kayıt dışı çalışanların durumları betimsel istatistiklerle incelenmektedir. Üçüncü olarak ise COVID-19 pandemisinin Türkiye’de kayıt dışı çalışanlar üzerindeki etkisi iki ölçü kullanılarak ele alınmaktadır: Üretim düzeyleri pandemiden en fazla etkilenen sektörlerdeki kayıt dışı istihdam düzeyleri ile hastalığa en fazla maruz kalan ve başkalarıyla yakın mesafede çalışmak durumunda kalınan mesleklerdeki kayıt dışı istihdam düzeyleri. Sonuçlara göre üretim faaliyeti pandemiden en fazla etkilenen altı sektörde, Türkiye’de kayıtsız çalışan 9 milyonu aşkın kişinin yaklaşık 4 milyonu çalışmaktadır. Analiz, Türkiye’de tarım dışı sektörlerde kayıt dışı istihdam edilenlerin tamamına yakınının üretim düzeyi pandemiden en fazla etkilenen sektörlerde çalıştıklarına işaret etmektedir. Bu sektörlerde istihdam edilen gençler ve kadınların kayıt dışı çalışma ortalamaları ise genelin ortalamasından daha yüksektir. Sonuçlar ayrıca, hastalığa maruz kalmanın ve başkalarına yakın mesafede çalışmanın fazla olduğu meslekler içinde Türkiye’de kayıt dışı istihdam oranının en fazla olduğu meslek grubunun yüzde 73.9 kayıt dışı istihdam oranı ile kişisel bakım hizmetleri olduğunu göstermektedir. Türkiye’de kişisel bakım hizmetlerinde çalışanların yüzde 88’i ise kadındır. Sonuç olarak çalışmada, üretim düzeyleri COVID-19’dan yüksek derecede etkilenen sektörler ile hastalığa maruz kalmanın fazla olduğu işlerde çalışan kayıt dışı çalışanlara yönelik olarak politikalar geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir. Bunu yaparken de özellikle kadın ve genç ayrımı gözetilmesi önem kazanmaktadır.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Informal Workers in Turkey

The International Labour Organization predicts that the effect of coronavirus-related lockdown policies and the economic stagnation followed by the COVID-19 pandemic will be most severe on individuals and businesses operating in the informal economy. This article analyses the risks that such measures and the coronavirus itself possess on the informal Turkish economy and, more precisely, on its informal workers. First, I review the most recent literature and discuss the effect of lockdown measures on informal workers. Then, I provide descriptive statistics on Turkish informal workers from the Household Labour Force Survey. At last, I measure the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Turkish informal workers by calculating (1) the informal employment rates within the sectors whose production levels are affected the most and (2) the informal employment rates in occupations with high exposure and close proximity to the disease. Results show that 4 out of the 9 million informal workers working in Turkey can be labelled high risk. Moreover, I find that informality rates are higher among young people and women. It is also found that informal women and young workers are represented disproportionately in some occupations where exposure to disease and proximity are high. As a result, it is recommended to implement additional policies for informal workers (particularly for women and young workers) employed in the sectors that production levels are highly affected by COVID-19, and for workers employed in the occupations where exposure to disease is high.

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